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单元自测模拟题、参考答案及解析之一 |
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OKhere.net 你来我网-考研社区 作者： 2005-5-12 10:18:00 双博士 | |
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单元自测题三
Passage One
Arthritis sufferers may soon find relief from an unlikely source: glass. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Rolla are developing special glasses that could be used to repair bone and microscopic glass spheres that could be injected arthritic joints.
"Imagine using a caulking gun to repair the cracks in your bathroom. Now think of injecting a non-harmful but similar substance into a crushed vertebrae to fill in the space and cracks," says Dr. Delbert Day, Curators Professor emeritus of ceramic cumulative trauma disorders," says ergonomist Rani Lueder, president of Humanics ErgoSystems in Encino California "You're gradually developing these problems over time." And as Howard Egerm has learned, they're a lot harder to live with than they are to prevent engineering at UMR.
By mixing crushed glass particles with a polymer, Day is developing a substance that could be used to repair broken or diseased bone. The mixture would be injected into the area of a crushed vertebrae or other damaged bone. The mixture then fills the cracks, glueing the broken pieces back together. Once this mixture hardens, it turns into a bonelike substance, bonding itself to the original bone, Day says.
Those who struggle with rheumatoid arthritis might find inspiration in what glass can do for treating their ailment. Day and other UMR researchers are perfecting biodegradable glass spheres that will be used to irradiate arthritis joints. Small radioactive glass spheres, about one-fifth to one-tenth the diameter of a hutton hair, can be injected into the diseased joint. Once the radiation is delivered, the spheres gradually react with the body fluids and eventually disappear from the body, thus creating a safe way to expose a patient to radiation.
"The glass beads confine all of the radioactivity to the diseased joint," says Day.
According to Day, the development of biodegradable glass beads is advancing rapidly. "What we investigate and see in the laboratory, compared to what has been seen in experiments on animals, is encouraging."
Day says similar procedures can be used to treat other ailments. Instead of using a solid glass sphere, a hollow sphere or shell failed with a drug and injected into the body, or sPcad as a cream onto the skin and gradually released into the body' s system, could be used, Day says. This type of treatment releases the drug in a more uniform manner and targets the infection or diseased area. UMR had licensed this technology to a company that intends to use the drug-filled shells to treat skin disorders such as psoriasis(牛皮癣) says Day.
UMR was recently issued two U.S. patents for the research.
Day also is the co-inventor of special radioactive glass microspheres, TheraSphere, which are FDA-approved and being used commercially at seven sites in the United States to treat patients with liver cancer. He holds more than 42 patents.
1.What can be inferrend from paragraph1?
A.glass can not be a source of relief to arthritis.
B.arthritis will be cured effectively very soon.
C.a lot of scientists in USA are in research into the special glasses that could be used to treat arthritis.
D.arthritis is a painful disease.
2.According to the passage ,which of the following is true?
A.small radioactive glass spheres produce a side-effect after being injected.
B.the mixture of crushed glass particles with a polymer will become part of human body at last.
C.the way that the mixture works is same with that of a caulking gun.
D.experiments on animals have failed.
3.the word "inspiration"in paragraph 4 means.
A.enlightenment
B.initiation
C.revelation
D.realization
4.From the last three paragraphs,we can learn that.
A.Hollow sphere is better than solid sphere as for the treatment effect.
B.the glass microsphere technology can be used to treat many ailments.
C.the glass microsphere technology is being used to treat skin disorders and liver cancer.
D.therasphere has been widely used in united states.
5.The best title of this passage may be .
A.arthritis and glass.
B.Glass can Repair Bone,Treat Arthritis
C.Glass, New Treatment For Arthritis.
D.New Discoveries In Glass.
Passage Two
Anthropologists commonly distinguish three forms of marriage: monogamy, the marriage of one man to one woman, polygyny, the marriage of one man to two or more women, and polyandry, the marriage of one woman to two or more men. Polygyny and polyandry are often linked under the single term “polygamy,” a marriage of one individual to two or more spouses.
Though there are many societies which permit, or even encourage, polygamous marriages, it does not follow, in such societies, that every married individual, or even that a majority of them, has more than one spouse. Quite the contrary is true, for in most, if not all, of so-called polygamous societies monogamy is statistically the prevailing form. The reason for this is clear: the proportion of male to female births in any human society is roughly the same, and if this proportion is maintained among the sexually mature, a preponderance of plural marriages means that a considerable number of either men or women must remain unmarried. No society can maintain itself under such conditions; the emotional stresses would be too great to be survived. Accordingly, even where the cultural ideals do not prohibit plural marriages, these may occur on any notable scale only societies where for one reason or another, one sex markedly outnumbers the other. In short, monogamy not only prevails in most of the world’s societies, either as the only approved form of marriage or as the only feasible form, but it may also prevail within a polygamous society where, very often, only a minority of the population can actually secure more than one spouse.
In a polygynous household, the husband must supply a house and garden for each of his wives. The wives live with him in turn, cooking and serving for him during the period of his visit. The first wife takes precedence over the others. Polyandry is much rarer than polygyny. It is often the result of a disproportion in the ratio of men to women.
In sum, polygamy is not, as so frequently indicated, universally a result of human immorality. It is simply not true, in this aspect of culture as in many others, that people who follow patterns of culture deemed immoral in our society are thereby lacking in morality. Our ideal and compulsory pattern of marriage, which holds that monogamy is the only appropriate form of marriage, is not shared by all peoples, even by some of those who regularly practice monogamy. In a great many societies, monogamy is only one possible form of marriage, with polygyny or polyandry as perfectly possible, though less frequent, alternatives.
6. A marriage between several men and women should be called .
A. polygyny B. polyandry C. monogamy D. not mentioned
7. According to the second paragraph, in societies that encourage polygamous marriages, .
A. polygamy is the predominant form of marriages
B. most of the individuals usually have multiple spouses
C. there are usually a greater of proportion of men than women
D. people are not necessarily married to multiple partners
8. The author believes that plural marriages occur on substantial scales only in societies in which .
A. polygyny is not prohibited
B. one sex greatly outnumbers the other
C. most people are undereducated
D. a minority of people are very rich and powerful
9. According to the third paragraph, polyandry .
A. means the husband must provide for the livelihood of his wives
B. is a marriage tradition in which the first husband takes precedence over the others
C. is much rarer than other marriage forms
D. is often the result of women outnumbering men
10. We can infer from the last paragraph that .
A. many people believe that plural marriages denote immorality of other societies
B. those societies that do not uphold monogamy as the dominant marriage form are immoral
C. polygyny or polyandry are possible alternative marriage forms in most societies
D. the author lives in a society where plural marriages are socially accepted
Passage Three
Although philosophers and evolutionists may question the roots of altruism, apparent acts of altruism are so prevalent that their absence can be shocking. A case in point was the brutal 1964 murder in Queens, New York City, of Kitty Genovese. Arriving home from work at 3:00 a.m., Genovese was attacked over a half-hour period by a knife-wielding assailant. Although her screams and cries brought 38 of her neighbors to their windows, not one came to her assistance or even called the police. These bystanders put on their lights, opened their windows, and watched while Genovese was repeatedly stabbed and ultimately murdered.
To understand how a group of law-abiding citizens could fail to help someone who was being murdered, social psychologists designed several experiments to investigate bystander intervention—helping a stranger in distress. Researchers found that the presence of others have a substantial impact on the bystander’s decision-making process. If other people are paying little or no attention to the emergency, the bystander may conclude that nothing significant has happened. Similarly, a bystander is unlikely to interpret an event as an emergency if other people do not seem to take it seriously. The presence of others acts not only as an informational source but also as a source of reassurance. Hence, the mere presence of other people lowers the likelihood of intervention, particularly if the others do not appear to be distressed. In addition, the presence of others leads to a diffusion of responsibility, that is, a diminished sense of personal responsibility to act because others are seen as equally responsible. People also consider the consequences of acting. Clearly, people are less willing to intervene if taking action jeopardizes their own safety. Individuals are also less willing to act if they fear they might turn out to be goats instead of heroes; what if the event is really a hoax or they are misinterpreting the situation?
One variable that investigators have not examined in bystander studies is fascination with, or titillation over the suffering of others. An element of vicarious enjoyment may have led Kitty Genovese’s neighbors to watch but not intervene. In fact, one couple shut off the lights so that they could see better. The manifest enjoyment of another person’s suffering and degradation was even more apparent in a New Bedford, Massachusetts, bar several years after the Kitty Genovese incident: A woman was gang raped while bystanders watched and cheered. Crowds of onlookers have similarly been known to encourage potential suicide victims to jump off buildings.
11. The author is mostly concerned with .
A. the definition of altruism
B. the case of Kitty Genovese
C. the morbid fascination with other people’s suffering
D. bystander intervention
12. The word altruism (first paragraph, first line) most probably means.
A. selfishness B. concern for other’s welfare
C. honesty D. negligence
13. According to the passage, what is the most significant predictor of bystander intervention?
A. Education. B. Physical strength. C. Selfishness. D. Presence of others.
14. According to the second passage, the presence of others is seen as a source of .
A. information B. responsibility
C. reassurance D. both A and C
15. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that fascination with others’ suffering .
A. has not been sufficiently examined
B. is the most powerful cause of bystander’s intervention
C. is a universal phenomenon
D. is a result of lack of education
Passage Four
In Korea, surgeons estimate that at least one in 10 adults have received some form of surgical upgrade. It wasn’t too many generations ago that South Korean kids had no control over their looks. Their hair, for example, was considered a gift from their parents-never to be cut. But today, kids drop into the plastic surgeon’s office after school, and when they get home their folks can barely recognize them.
Having bigger eyes is every girl’s dream, and it can now be realized through a simple $800 operation, in which a small incision or suture is made above the eye to create an artificial double lid. Teenagers as young as 14 are doing it, and eye jobs have become a favorite high school graduation gift from proud parents.
Clinics are busiest during winter vacations, when high school seniors are preparing themselves for college or for entering the workplace. The majority come for the eyelids, but nose jobs are also becoming popular among teens. “Teenagers are plastic surgery experts,” marvels Dr. Lee Min Ku, a Seoul surgeon whose patients are mostly in their teens or 20s. “They tell the doctor, using scientific words, which surgery method to use.” But despite the medical knowledge they bring to the clinics, many teens still show their age. “They end up handing you a magazine,” says Lee, “and asking for T.V. star Kim Nam Ju’s eyes.”
Park Sang Mi’s parents were against plastic surgery until her older sister came home one day with bigger eyes. Park followed suit last year, her parents approved, and she took a part-time job at Baskin Robbins to help them foot the bill. “Now I know nobody will laugh at me for being ugly,” Park says gratefully. Her boyfriend knows her eyelids are altered, she adds, but he absolutely loves them. Park, now 20, doesn’t have plans to return to the clinic immediately, but wants liposuction performed on her thighs to make her legs look thinner. Meanwhile, she’s considering her friends’ advice to trash her old photographs.
South Korea is even more competitive than it is conservative. And with so many young people having themselves remade, parents are afraid their children will fall behind, not just academically but aesthetically. “Parents make their kids get plastic surgery,” says Dr. Shim Hyung Bo, a plastic surgeon practicing in Seoul, “just like they make them study. They realize looks are important for success.” Which means that in today’s Korea, getting your eyes done can be easier than getting the keys to dad’s car.
16. The best title for this passage would be .
A. The Booming Beauty Industry in Korea
B. The “Beauty Craze” in Korea
C. An Interview with a Plastic Surgery Specialist
D. The Costs of Plastic Surgery in Korea
17. Most Korean young people go to get operation on their .
A. lips B. nose C. eyes D. breasts
18. Most Korean young people get plastic surgery .
A. during the winter vacation
B. during the summer vacation
C. after college
D. before going on the job market
19. It can be inferred that the young plastic surgery patients in Korea .
A. are all in their teens
B. are knowledgeable about the medical procedures
C. all want their faces modeled after TV stars
D. always get plastic surgery without their parents’ consent
20. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .
A. South Korea is still a very conservative country
B. parents are equally concerned with their children’s study and appearance
C. the popularity of plastic surgery is declining
D. most people have had some sort of plastic surgery operation
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