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 首页 > 研书频道 > 免费阅读 > 知识树 > 考研英语综合教程宝典 > 第1部分英语知识运用专项复习 > 新闻

三、实词类题典及解题方法

OKhere.net 你来我网-考研社区 作者:索玉柱 2006-4-3 15:10:19 知识树

1.     名词考点

【复习题典】

A potful of evidence suggests that the antioxidants and polyphenols in tea help protect you from stroke and heart attack, Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, and cancers of the lung, mouth, breast, pancreas, prostate and skin. The essential oils found in the leaves even aid  (1)digestion by increasing the flow of digestive juices.

(1)[A]deterioration  [B]digestion   [C]destination    [D]distinction

     Formerly remote(2)and cooking styles are creating a whole new fashion as they are transplanted  and reinterpreted all over the world.

(2)[A]components        [B]foods        [C]ingredients     [D]stuffs

Look for liking greens and fried chicken on the menus of upscale restaurants. Fastcasual restaurants-trendy specialities(特色食品;土特产[大纲难词]) that combine speed and quality—should keep growing in(3) .(3)[A]population    [B]popularity    [C]quantity    [D]prosperity☆People will need knowledge of[注意搭配]food and ingredients[大纲难词] from different continents and cultures as one aspect of4, cultural exchange, and success.

(4) [A]socialization[B]realization[C]standardization[D]localization

     Managers must become proficient crosscultural communicators if they wish to succeed in today’s global environment. Culture consists of the values, attitudes, and(5)in a given group of most of the people most of the time. Managerial communication is communication in a management(6)to achieve a desired result (writing a memo, interviewing an applicant, running a meeting, preparing a presentation). If you are working in a different culture, you may have to reconsider your communication objective and evaluate its(7).

(5)[A]performance  [B]achievement  [C]behavior     [D]progress

(6)[A]context    [B]contest        [C]contrast      [D]contract

(7)[A]visibility [B]viability      [C]variability      [D]validity

     The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that, on average, each person in the United States throws out about 328 pounds of edible food each year. Food bought with the best(8)sits for weeks on end as busy consumers tuck it in the refrigerator and forget about it. And when it seems time to either eat it or toss it, most people(9)the freshness dates (a. k. a. ‘use by’,‘sell by’, and ‘best if used by’ ) printed on the packages.

(8)[A]intentions [B]interests     [C]explanations[D]purposes

(9)[A]decide on  [B]rely on        [C]comment on   [D]press on

     I’m not saying you should eschew the occasional night on the town or gourmet meal at a fivestar restaurant. Both have their(10)and are components of a wellrounded life. I’ve enjoyed my share of revelry and fine(11)and look forward to those special opportunities to experience more of the good life. But I’ve managed to find a balance between those(12)pleasures and a permanent adherence to a regular workout and a healthy diet. Because,(13),  it is the latter that will have a lasting improvement on the overall quality of my life.

(10)[A]place     [B]position     [C]location   [D]attraction

(11)[A]meal      [B]diet          [C]dining    [D]eating

(12)[A]short-dated          [B]short-lived

C]short-legged          [D]short-tempered

(13)[A]in a word  [B]in the end  [C]in the future[D]in a nutshell

本小节答案精解

(1) [答案][B]digestion

[考点]名词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的名词。

[解析]deterioration意思是“退化,堕落”,digestion意思是“消化”,destination意思是“目的地”,distinction意思是“区别”。根据上下文和关键词“digestive juices”,我们可以确定[B]是正确答案。

(2) [答案][C]ingredients

[考点]名词辨析。

[解析]component是“(组)成(部)分,零件,部件”,food是“事物,食品”,ingredient是“(混合物的)组成部分,成分,(烹调的)原料”,stuff是“食物,饮料”。要填的单词和空格后面的 cooking styles构成并列关系,和烹调方式直接相关的是烹调的原料,即ingredients,foods和 stuffs虽然也和主题相关,但如果和cooking styles搭配,逻辑关系不够严谨,所以答案是[C]。

(3)[答案][B]popularity

[考点]名词辨析,名词与名词的搭配。

[解析]population是“人口”,popularity是“普及,流行,大众化”,quantity是“数量”,prosperity是“繁荣”。这句话的主语是fastcasual restaurants,同位语trendy eateries是指时髦的餐馆,强调时髦与流行,所以答案是[B]。

(4)[答案][A]socialization

[考点]名词辨析。

[解析]socialization是“社会化(指使人,尤其儿童,形成为其社会所接受的行为方式的过程)”, realization是“实现,理解,认知”,standardization是“标准化”,localization是“地方化,本地化”。空格要填的单词和后面的cultural exchange及success构成并列,这段话是针对globetrotting businessmen而言,他们为融入当地的文化需要做出什么样努力,他们的目的是让自己的行为被当地人所接受,因此要去了解当地的文化,而不是把自身的文化本地化,所以选socialization,答案是[A]。

(5)[答案] [C]behavior

[考点]名词辨析,根据并列结构选择合适的名词。

[解析]performance是“工作,表现”,achievement是“成就,成绩”,behavior是“行为,举止,表现”,progress是“进步,进展”。这句话里values,attitudes和待选项属于并列关系,三者共同构成文化,需要在四个选项中选择一个与价值观、态度对应,很明显,behavior(行为)是最佳答案,因此选[C]。

(6)[答案][A]context

[考点] 名词辨析。

[解析] context是“(人、事、物存在于其中的)各种有关情况,来龙去脉,背景,环境”,contest是“竞赛,比赛”,contrast是“对比,对照”,contract是“合同,契约”。比较四个选项的意思,context是最合适的选项,因此选[A]。这句话的意思是:“管理方面的交流是处于管理背景下的交流。”

(7) [答案][B]viability

[考点]名词辨析。

[解析]visibility是“可见性,明显性,可见度”,viability是“可能性”,variability是“可变性”, validity是“正当,正确(性),效力”。首先排除[A]和[C],这两个都不能和communication搭配,另外,交流没有正确与否,于是排除validity,剩下[B]是正确答案。

(8) [答案][A]intentions

[考点]名词辨析,形容词与名词的固定搭配

[解析]intention是“意图,意向”,interest是“兴趣,爱好”,explanation是“解释,说明”,purpose是“目的”。the best intentions是一个固定搭配,意思是“一片好心/一片好意(尤用于事情没做成时)”,所以选择[A]。文中这句话希望表达的意思是:消费者买食品的时候是出于良好的意愿,可是因为太忙了,把它们扔进冰箱就忘了。

(9) [答案][B]rely on

[考点]动词短语辨析,根据上下文选择合适的动词短语。

[解析]decide on是“决定,选定”,rely on是“依靠,信赖”,comment on是“评论,发表意见”,press on是“使感到负担沉重,使紧迫,使窘迫”。这句话要表达的意思是:“要决定是吃还是扔的时候,人们依靠包装上印的保质期等”,所以选[B]。括号里出现的a.k.a.的全称是 also known as,即“又名,亦称”。

(10)[答案][A] place

[考点]名词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的动词和名词搭配。

[解析]place,position和location都有“位置”之意,attraction为“吸引力”。have a place是固定搭配,意思是“有一席之地,起一定作用”的意思。到镇子上一夜狂欢或是去饭店吃饭也是生活中不可缺少的成分。所以正确答案为[A]。

(11)[答案][C]dining

[考点]名词与动名词辨析。

[解析]四个词都与吃饭有关,根据上下文可知这里指的是到饭店美餐,而不是家中普通的一日三餐,dining更合适,答案为[C]。

(12)[答案][B]shortlived

[考点]形容词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的形容词。

[解析]shortdated指“(票据等)短期的”,shortlived指“短暂的”,shortlegged意思是“腿短的”,shorttempered意思是“急性子的”。根据上下文,被选词应当与permanent(永远的,永久的)是反义词,所以选shortlived,[B]是正确答案。

(13)[答案][B]in the end

[考点]介词短语辨析,根据上下文选择合适的介词短语。

[解析]in a word意思是“总之”,in the end意思是“最终,结果”,in the future意思是“将来”,in a nutshell意思是“简括地说”。这句话是将shortlived pleasures和permanent adherence to a regular workout and a healthy diet对提高生活质量的作用进行比较,强调最终的结果,所以in the end为合适选项,正确答案为[B]。

2.     动词考点

【复习题典】☆Ethnic cuisines will(1)globally and combine: look for chifa, a mixture of Japanese and Spanish foods, beyond its native Peru. Uzbek dishes, meanwhile, combine Persian, Russian, and Chinese(2)at bistros (小吃餐馆)in New York and Chicago.

(1)[A]expand   [B]extend      [C]export      [D]exclude

(2)[A]flavors  [B]flowers     [C]flours       [D]flames

【文化注释】该语段第一句大意是说:民族特色的菜肴将向全世界扩展,并相互融合。冒号后面的两句话是举例说明。第一句话的大概意思是说chifa为日本和西班牙食品的混合食物,在其本土秘鲁之外的地方可以找到它,此句中的beyond正好表达这个意思。 第二句话是一个类似的例子,在纽约和芝加哥的小餐馆里有乌兹别克的菜,融合了波斯、俄国和中国的食品风味。 ☆Now, the American Meat Institute has(3)welfare guidelines and audit checklists for cattle, pigs, and chickens. And the European Union, representing our foreign customers, is also(4)in with, among other things, legislation banning(5)use of crates to house pregnant sows, effective in 2013.

3) [A]adapted    [B]adopted    [C]approved     [D]accepted

4) [A]measuring  [B]weighing   [C]considering [D]thinking

5) [A]prolonged   [B]proceeded  [C]programmed   [D]progressed

     Once McDonald’s had(6)led the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company’s suppliers, many other giants of the fastfood industry rapidly(7)suit, including Burger King, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Wendy’s, A&W. and KFC.

6) [A]paved    [B]changed    [C]led      [D]opened

7) [A]followed  [B]made        [C]set         [D]took

     The survey’s findings were extrapolated to reflect the total number of taxis in each city. One customer, who later(8)to be the girlfriend of actor Hugh Grant, left her iPod music player, mobile phone and purse. When the lady taxi driver was asked to(9)the items to Grant, she received an(10)as a thankyou.

8) [A]turned in    [B]turned on     [C]turned out      [D]turned off(9) [A]deliver      [B]designate       [C]dedicate    [D]direct

10) [A]automobile   [B]authority   [C]autograph       [D]autobiography☆And at Stanford University in California an experiment might be done later this year to create mice with human brains. Scientists feel that, the more humanlike the animal, the better research model it makes for(11) drugs or possibly growing“ spare parts(备用零件),” such as livers, to(12)into humans. Watching how human cells mature and(13)in  a living creature may also lead to the discoveries of new medical treatments .

11) [A]resting    [B]trying     [C]testing        [D]examining

12) [A]grow       [B]transcend  [C]replant         [D]transplant

13) [A]interact   [B]interfere  [C]interpret   [D]interrupt

     Responsibilities. We all have them; most of us have more than we’d like. That doesn’t change the reality that, sooner or later, we all have to(14)up to them. But perhaps it does explain our(15)to add to the evergrowing list. There’s already so much to do in a day, why tack on an(16)burden?

(14)[A]come       [B]catch              [C]confront       [D]face

(15)[A]resistance  [B]reluctance         [C]persistence    [D]existence

(16) [A]exact      [B]external           [C]extra          [D]extensive

本小节答案精解

(1)[答案][A]expand

[考点]动词辨析。

[解析]expand是“扩大,发展”,extend是“伸展,延伸,延续”,export是“(尤指向国外)输出”,exclude是“不让(或阻止)……进入,不包括”。可以立即排除exclude,而这句话的主语是ethnic cuisine,export这个动作不能由它发出,因此排除export,extend指的是长度上的延伸,与cuisine也不能搭配,因此答案是[A]。

(2)[答案][A]flavors

[考点]名词辨析。

[解析]flavor是“(食品)风味,滋味,味道”,flower是“花”,flour是“面粉”,flame是“火焰”。这句话的主干是dishes combine...,答案明显是[A]。

3)[答案][B]adopted

[考点]动词辨析,动词和名词的搭配。

[解析] adapt是“适应”,adopt是“采纳”,approve是“同意”,accept是“接受,同意”。首先排除adapt,而approve和accept意思相近,属于干扰选项,所以答案是[B]。提醒大家准确记忆 adapt和adopt的拼写及用法,这两个词在词汇测试方面的出现频率相当高。

4)[答案][B]weighing

[考点]动词辨析,固定动词短语。

[解析]weigh in with是固定短语,意为“(在讨论等中)有把握地提出”。Consider,think和 measure都不能和in with搭配,所以答案是[B]。

5)[答案][A]prolonged

[考点]动词辨析,过去分词与名词的搭配。

[解析]这四个选项相似之处在于它们有相同词头“pro”。prolong的意思是“拖延,延长”, proceed的意思是“进行,继续”,program为“设计,规划”之意,而progress则为“进步,发展”之意。只有prolong的过去分词能修饰use,因此只能选择[A]。

6)[答案][C]led

[考点]动词辨析,动词和名词的搭配。

[解析]pave the way是“为……作准备”,change the way是“改变……方式、方法”,lead the way是“为……之先,首先倡导”,open则不能和the way搭配。根据上下文可知麦当劳公司在家禽饲养方面率先作出明确规定,其后诸多快餐巨头纷纷效仿,因此答案是[C]。

7)[答案][A]followed

[考点]固定动词短语。

[解析]“效仿,模仿”在英语里的固定短语是follow suit,所以选[A]。

8)[答案][C]turned out

[考点]动词短语辨析。

[解析]turn in是“交还,上交”,turn on是“开,开始”,turn out是“原来是,(最后)证明是”,turn off是“关,解雇”。turn on和turn off明显可以排除,turn in后面要直接加宾语,而这个空格后没有,答案是[C],这句话的意思是:“一位顾客结果是演员休·格兰特的女朋友。”

9)[答案][A]deliver

[考点]动词辨析,动词与名词的搭配。

[解析]deliver是“投递,送交”,designate是“指明,指定,称呼”,dedicate是“以……奉献,把 (自己、一生等)献给”,direct是“给……指路,使向某一方向转动”。空格后的动词的宾语是items,即Hugh Grant的女友落在出租车上的东西,根据词义判断应该选[A]。

10)[答案][C]autograph

[考点]名词辨析。

[解析]automobile是“汽车”,authority是“权威,威信”,autograph是“亲笔签名”,autobiography是“自传”。authority可以立即排除,根据常识排除automobile,剩下的两个选项中,autograph更加合适,因为我们并不知道Hugh Grant是否写了自传,而名人送亲笔签名是很正常的,因此[C]是正确答案。这是一道考核文化知识的题目。

11)[答案][C]testing

[考点]动词辨析,动词与名词的搭配。

[解析]rest是“休息,睡眠”,try是“试,尝试,试用,试验”,test是“试验,测验,化验”,examine是“检查,调查,考查,把(人体、动物、器官等)交付剖检”。在英语中,药物试验的常用表达是drug test,所以这里选[C]。

12)[答案][D] transplant

[考点]动词辨析。

[解析]grow是“生长,成长,发育”,transcend是“超出,胜过”,replant是“再种,再植”, transplant是“[医]移植”。显而易见,根据文章的内容应该选[D]。

13)[答案][A]interact

[考点]动词辨析。

[解析]interact是“互相作用,互相影响”,interfere是“干预,干涉”,interpret是“解释,翻译”,interrupt是“中断,暂停”。首先排除interpret和interrupt,而interfere强调动作是故意的,用来描述人体细胞的动作不合适,所以选[A],意思是人体细胞和生物体的相互作用。

(14)[答案] [D]face

[考点]动词短语辨析,动词短语与名词的搭配。

[解析]come up to的意思是“等于,达到”,catch up to的意思是“赶上,跟上”,confront的意思是“遭遇,面临”,不能和up to搭配,face up to表示“勇敢地对付(或接受)”。本句中的 them指的是前面提到的responsibilities,所以选face up to,[D]是正确答案。

(15)[答案][B]reluctance

[考点]名词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的名词。

[解析]resistance意思是“抵抗,反抗”,reluctance意思是“不愿,勉强”,persistence意思是“坚持”,existence意思是“存在”。根据上下文,大多数人承担的责任比自己愿意承担的多,但这无法改变他们迟早要承担更多责任的事实。由此可见在责任面前,人们无法抵制,而是不情愿。所以作者说这也许正是在越来越多的责任面前人们不乐意的原因,正确选项为[B]。

(16)[答案][C]extra

[考点]形容词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的形容词。

[解析]Exact意思是“准确的,精确的”,external意思是“外部的”,extra意思是“额外的”, extensive意思是“广泛的”。从上文的意思可以判断正确选项为[C]。本句意思是每天要做的事情已经很多,何必再额外增加负担?

3. 形容词考点

【复习题典】☆What constitutes an appropriate time frame in one culture may not be achievable in another. It all depends on the culture’s(1)of time. In some cultures, timetables are exact and(2). Examples of such cultures include Germany and Switzerland.

(1)[A]concept  [B]conclusion  [C]context     [D]contribution

(2) [A]present    [B]precise       [C]precious       [D]perilous

Globalization will have a powerful effect on the future of dining. Recipes (菜谱[大纲词])and meals from the world’s kitchens will be(3)anywhere and anytime. Globalization is the master trend[注意搭配]that will drive the world of food.

(3) [A]suitable    [B]reliable [C]identifiable    [D]available

Alcohol use is the number one drug problem among young people. It’s easy to understand why. For adults, alcohol is legal, widely accepted in American culture and easily(4)accessible.

(4) [A]accountable  [B]achievable    [C]accessible          [D]agreeable

     But, these dates don’t really guarantee food safety, nor do they mean(5)expired food is always bad.

(5) [A]expired    [B]exposed       [C]exhausted      [D]exotic

     In our computer and camcorder environment, saving pictures as digital  files and watching them on TV is no less practical—and in many ways more(6)than fumbling with (笨手笨脚地处理)rolls of film that must be sent off to be developed.

(6) [A]appealing   [B]facilitating [C]enlightening  [D]encouraging

     Moreover, culinary globalism will not be limited to physical travel. Chefs will learn about(7)ingredients, recipes, and techniques without ever leaving their kitchens. Soul food will continue to appeal, even as diners grow more(8).

 【语法注释】此句中的Moreover“而且,此外”为副词连接语,代表段落之间的递进逻辑关系。如果你使用however“然而,可是”,就可以表示上下段落之间的对比关系。

(7)[A]strange     [B]new      [C]exotic      [D]remote

(8) [A]health-conscious           [B]price-conscious

C]taste-conscious             [D]diversity-conscious

     The explosion in organic produce and other foods during the last few years has been an extremely(9)development in the food industry. However,(10)still exists about exactly what the organic label means.

(9 )[A]positive    [B]negative    [C]active             [D]passive

(10 )[A]controversy[B]contribution[C]conversion         [D]confusion

     A decade later, the initial[大纲词] answer is “yes” to both questions. Many had expected the answer to be “no” on both counts, but science works independently(11)people’s opinions.

(11) [A]of      [B]on       [C]by         [D]with

     In the study, blood samples from new tea drinkers were exposed to E. Coli, bacteria linked to food poisoning and ulcers. The(12) cells in the tea drinkers produced five times the interferon—an important element of the body’s(13)system—than they had before tea was(14). No change was noted in a control  group of coffee drinkers.

(12)[A]immens  [B]important       [C]immediate       [D]immune

(13)[A]defeat  [B]defense         [C]decrease        [D]disease

(14)[A]introduced[B]increased     [C]indulged       [D]indicated

本小节答案精解

(1)[答案][A]concept

[考点]名词辨析,名词与名词的搭配。

[解析] concept是“概念,观念,思想”,conclusion是“结束,结论”,context是“背景,环境”,contribution是“捐献,贡献”。conclusion和contribution明显不符合题意,而concept和context这两个词中能与后面的of time搭配的只有concept,因此答案是[A]。这句话的意思是:“这完全取决于文化当中的时间观念。”

(2)[答案][B]precise

[考点]形容词辨析,根据并列结构选择合适的形容词。

[解析]present是“现在的”,precise是“精确的,确切的”,precious是“宝贵的,贵重的”, perilous是“(充满)危险的,濒临毁灭的”。因为要填的答案与前面的exact用and相连,两者是并列的,所以这里选择exact (精确的,准确的)的近义词precise,答案是[B]。

 (3)[答案][D]available

[考点]形容词辨析。

[解析]suitable是“合适的”,reliable是“可靠的”,identifiable是“可辨认的,可识别的”,available是“可获得的”。这篇文章是关于饮食全球化的,这句话要表达的意思是:“来自世界不同厨房的菜谱和饭菜将在任何时间任何地点(3)。”根据句子意思应该填available,所以[D]是正确答案。

(4)[答案][C]accessible

[考点]形容词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的形容词。

[解析]accountable是“负有责任的,应作解释的,可解释的”,achievable是“可完成的,做得成的”,accessible是“可(或易)使用的,可(或易)得到的”,agreeable是“令人愉快的,惬意的”。如果这道题在选择时有一定难度,看看后面那句话就知道该怎么选了。后面那句话说: “很多孩子在自己的家里就能拿到酒。”也就是说,酒是很容易得到的,所以这里选[C]。

(5)[答案][A] expired

[考点]形容词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的形容词。

[解析]expired是“过期的”,exposed是“暴露的,易受攻击的,打开的”,exhausted是“用完的,耗尽的”,exotic是“外(国)来的,外国产的”。前面提到食品上标记的日期,此处选与日期有关的形容词,所以选[A]。

(6)[答案][B]facilitating

[考点]本题考查通过上下文选择形容词。

[精解]这句话的大意是,在有电脑和便携式摄像机的条件下,用数字文件存储图片信息然后拿到电视机上观赏并不是什么难事——并且与(在口袋里)四处摸索需要送去冲印的一卷卷胶片这样的麻烦事相比,数码摄影在很多方面都更加(6) 。根据上下文可知,空格处的形容词是说明数码摄影与传统摄影相比而体现出来的便捷性。[B]facilitating“减少……的困难、使……更加容易的”是正确答案。appealing“有吸引力的”;enlightening“具有启发性的”; encouraging“鼓舞人心的”。

(7)[答案][C]exotic

[考点]形容词辨析。

[解析]strange是“外地的,异乡的,奇特的,奇怪的”,new是“新的”,exotic是“外(国)来的,异国情调的,外国气派(或风味)的”,remote是“远的,边远的”。这段第一句话的意思是“此外,烹饪全球化不仅仅局限于亲身去旅行。”烹饪全球化的意思是不同国家之间的饮食文化进行交流,所以这里选择[C]是最贴切的。

(8)[答案][A]healthconscious

[考点]形容词辨析。

[解析]四个选项都是用conscious构成的复合词,指“注重……的”。[文化注释]soul food是指“美国(尤指南方)黑人常吃的食物(如猪小肠、玉米面包、山药等)”,传统的soul food在用料和烹调方法上对健康有一定的影响,出于健康原因,现在的soul food已经进行了一定的改良,所以这里选[A]。

(9) [答案][A]positive

[考点]形容词辨析,形容词和名词搭配。

[解析]本题的四个选项是两组反义词。Positive的意思是“正面的,积极的”,negative的意思是“负面的”;active是“活跃的,主动的”,而passive是“被动的,消极的”。根据语篇信息,文章开头提到有机农产品,后面还提到转基因产品,而这些都是农产品发展中的巨大突破,所以应当是positive development,答案为[A]。

(10)[答案][D]confusion

[考点]名词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的名词。

[解析]本题中容易排除的是B、C选项,contribution为“捐献,贡献”,conversion为“变化,转换”,它们都与上下文不协调。正确选项只能是controversy和confusion其中之一。这两个词意思相近,但controversy意思是“论争,辩论”,指的是对同一事物不同的看法或意见上的分歧,而confusion意思是“混乱,混淆”,指的是对事物正确理解方面的困惑。而原句中exactly (准确地,精确地)和means说明此处应当是准确理解意思方面的困惑。正确答案为[D]。

(11)[答案][A]of

[考点]介词用法辨析,副词+介词的固定短语。

[解析]be independent of和independently of都是固定短语,意为“不依赖于……”,原句意思是:科学不以人的意志为转移,也就是说“科学不依赖于人为因素”。

(12)[答案][D]immune

[考点]形容词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的形容词。

[解析]immense意思是“极大的”,important意思是“重要的”,immediate意思是“立即的,直接的”,immune意思是“免疫的”。被选词后搭配的词是cell (细胞),联系上下文的意思,此处应选词为immune,[D]为正确答案。

(13)[答案][B]defense

[考点]名词辨析,名词与名词的搭配。

[解析]defeat意思是“失败”,defense意思是“保卫,防卫”,decrease意思是“减少”,disease意思是“疾病”。空格后面的名词是system,它是人体的一个系统,显然只能选defense,正确答案为[B]。

(14)[答案][A]introduced

[考点]动词辨析,根据上下文选择合适的动词。

[解析]introduce意思是“介绍,引进”,increase意思是“增加”,indulge“纵容”,indicate意思是“显示,指出”。此处将喝茶前后人体反应进行对照,before引导时间状语从句,从句中的主语是tea,因此正确选项为[A]。

 

3.     副词考点

特别提示考研复习有必要了解一下副词定义及其功能。凡修饰动词、非谓语动词(包括不定词、分词、动名词)、形容词、另一副词乃至于介词短语、整个从句或句子的单字都称为副词,如果是若干个字合在一起当作副词,则称为副词短语或副词从句。请预习下列句子:

I still trust him even though he lied to me. (虽然他向我撒谎,我还是信任他。)

:still是修饰动词trust的副词,to me是修饰动词lied的副词短语。

even though 是“虽然,即使”,和even if并不完全相同。

Old people in our country usually live with their children, whereas (or while) the old in the United States often live by themselves.

(我国的老年人通常都是和子女一起生活,相反的,美国的老年人常常独自生活。)

:usually 和with their children是修饰第一个子句里的动词live的,often和by themselves是修饰第二个子句里的动词live的,所以它们都是副词或副词短语。

the old 和old people的含义完全相同。

whereas 是连接词,意思是“相反地”,相当于“but in contrast”,也可以用“while”或“(while) on the other hand”代替。

I’m tired. I feel like going home and lying down for a while.

(我很疲倦。我想回家躺一会儿。)

:home 是修饰动名词going的副词,down和for a while是修饰动名词lying的副词和副词短语。

Not everyone is here. I expect more people to come later.

(不是每一个人都到了,我想过一会儿还会有更多的人来。)

:later是修饰不定词to come的副词。 

The harder you study, the more you will learn. (你学习得越努力,学会的也就越多。)

注:harder是修饰动词study,所以是副词,The 是修饰副词harder(参阅p.246),所以也是副词;同样,more是修饰动词will learn的,the是修饰more的,所以都是副词;“The harder you study”整个子句是修饰主要子句里的动词will learn的,所以是副词从句。◇He’s not a cruel man. On the contrary, he is exceedingly kind.

(他不是个残暴的人。相反的,他是非常仁慈的。)

How terribly boring he is!(他好令人讨厌啊!)

:How 和terribly都是修饰分词形容词boring的副词。

In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and working on my stamp collection.

(闲暇的时候,我喜欢照顾我的鱼缸和整理我的集邮。)

:In my spare time是修饰动词enjoy的副词短语,on my stamp collection是修饰动名词working(enjoy的第二个受词)的副词短语。

Mary has been acting strangely lately. She must be in love.

(玛丽最近行动怪怪的。她一定是在谈恋爱。)

:Strangely和lately都是修饰动词has been acting的副词。

A: How did you do on the test? (你考试考得怎么样?)

B: Pretty good. I got B+. (很好。我得到了B+。)

:how和on the text是修饰动词do的副词和副词短语。Pretty是修饰形容词good的副词。

His way of life has changed a lot in the last few years.

(最近几年他的生活方式改变了许多。)

:a lot和in the last few years都是修饰动词has changed的副词短语。

Even in the face of danger, she was calm.(即使面临危险,她还是很镇定。)

:Even是修饰介词短语in the face of danger的副词,而整个短语则是修饰动词was的。

in (the) face of是“在……之前,面临”,其中的the有与无均可。

When I go shopping, I always look for the least expensive items.

(我去购物时,我总是找最不贵的物品。)

:always和when I go shopping两者都是修饰短语动词look for的副词和副词子句。

I think it is possible to judge a person by what he or she wears.

(我觉得从一个人的衣着来判断他或她是个什么样的人是可能的。——我认为从一个人的衣着可以判断他或她是个什么样的人。)

:By what he or she wears是修饰不定词to judge的副词短语(介词+做受词的子句=介词短语。)

I’m pretty tired tonight. I think I’ll leave here around eleven so that I can go to bed by midnight.

(我今天晚上很累。我想我要在十一点左右离开这里,这样我就能在午夜以前睡觉。)

:这句的pretty是修饰形容词tired的副词,tonight是修饰动词am的副词。here、around eleven和“so that I...midnight”三者都是修饰动词will leave的副词、副词短语和副词子句。to bed和by midnight两个介词短语都是修饰动词can go的副词短语。其中so that相当于in order that,都是引领表示目的副词子句。特别提示从以上各例分析可见,英语语法中作为修饰语的副词在句义上所扮演的角色甚为重要,不可或缺,其所涉及的范围之广、作用之大,较诸同样可作修饰语的形容词实有过之而无不及,绝不可轻忽视之。

【复习题典】

 ☆Remember:(1)environmentally conscious shopping is a powerful tool for effecting change. You can make a difference every time you fill your grocery cart.

(1)[A]socially[B]conditionally[C]morally   [D]environmentally

[文化注释] 此句中的grocery意思是“食品,杂货”;bakery意思是“面包店”; stationery意思是“文具”。☆Young people almost always begin drinking because of peer pressure (同龄人的压力), in an attempt to be accepted and included in the group. According to the U.S. Surgeon General, more than half of junior and senior high school students drink alcoholic(2). More than 40 percent of those who drink admit to drinking when upset, 31 percent admit to drinking(3), 25 percent admit to drinking when bored and 25 percent admit to drinking to get“(4)”.

(2)[A]beers     [B]whiskies     [C]beverages       [D]wines

(3)[A]alone      [B]along        [C]aloud          [D]aloof

(4)[A]low        [B]high         [C]cool         [D]warm

     Many kids can get a drink fight in their own homes. Teenagers are drinking younger and more frequently than(5), often beginning around age 13, according to studies. The average number of alcoholic drinks among college students is five on a single occasion, according to a recent survey. Among those younger 21, it is 5.5 drinks, and among(6)21 and older, it is 4.2 drinks.

(5)[A]predominantly      [B]preferentially [C]previously  [D]precisely

(6)[A]these            [B]those             [C]which       [D]whom

[文化注释]此文的teenager是“(13~19岁的)青少年”,grownup是“成年人”,children是“小孩,儿童”, adult是“成年人”。

本小节答案精解

(1)[答案][D]environmentally

[考点]根据上下文选择合适的形容词。

[解析]整篇文章讲的是农产品的新发展及其对环境保护的影响,所以此题答案为[D]。这句话的意思是有环保意识的购物是造成改变的有力工具。

(2)[答案][C]beverages

[考点]名词辨析,形容词和名词的搭配。

[解析]beer是“啤酒”,whisky是“威士忌酒”,beverage是“饮料”,wine是“葡萄酒,酒”。除了beverage,其他三个选项都是酒的种类,前面不能用alcoholic修饰,所以答案是[C]。

(3)[答案][A]alone

[考点]副词辨析。

[解析]alone是“单独地,孤独地”[=only; merely],along是“纵长地,平行地,向前”,aloud是“出声地,大声地”,aloof是“在(眼力能及的)距离上,游离在外,冷漠超然地”。从这句话的结构可以看出,这句话所列的是一系列调查结果,即年轻人在什么情况下喝酒,所以这里选[A]。

(4)[答案][B]high

[考点]根据上下文选择合适的形容词。

[解析]low是“不高兴的,情绪低落的”,high有引申意义“高兴的,兴奋的”,cool是“冷静的,沉着的”,warm是“暖和的,温暖的”。low和cool可以首先排除,再看前面的几种情况都是与情绪有关的,所以选择[B]。

(5)[答案][C]previously

[考点]副词辨析。

[解析]predominantly是“占主导地位地,占优势地,普遍地”,preferentially是“优先地,优待地”,previously是“先前,以前”,precisely是“精确地,精密地,严格地”。根据句子的意思,这里应该选previously,这是就目前的情况和以前做比较,所以答案是[C]。

(6)[答案][B]those

[考点]指示代词和关系代词的用法。

[解析]which和whom是关系代词,引导定语从句,前面要有先行词,而空格前没有先行词,所以首先排除,作为指示代词,these和those在用法上的区别是those后面可以加上who引导的定语从句,修饰those,意思是“……的人们”,但these没有这种用法,所以选[B],among those 21 and older其实是“among those who are 21 and older”的省略形式。

四、复习智典

1. 基本功提升训练

(1)       虚词类考点综合训练

     连词(连词短语)+其他词类☆Public pension payments, which afford 30~80% of total retirement incomes in OECD countries, are expected to rise, on average, by over three percentage points in GDP and by as much as eight percentage points in some countries.(1)is the pressure on pension funds that there is a danger of today’s workers not getting the pensions they expected or felt they(2).

(1)[A]As        [B]Such      [C]So            [D]It

(2)[A]should pay [B]paying  [C]be paid      [D]would pay

     Digital photography is still new enough that most of us have yet to form an opinion about it,(3)develop a point of view. But this hasn’t stopped many film and computer fans from agreeing(4)the early conventional wisdom about digital cameras—they’re neat attachments for your PC, but they’re not suitable for everyday picturetaking.

(3)[A]rather than [B]let alone [C]much less  [D]so as to

(4)[A]on             [B]with        [C]to          [D]by

     More than anything else(要是没有别的话), digital cameras are radically redefining what photography means and what it can be. The venerable(值得敬重的;受敬佩的) medium of photography(5)we know it is beginning to seem out(6)with the way we live.

(5)[A]though        [B]if      [C]as       [D]unless

(6)[A]rate       [B]pace      [C]step       [D]speed

     Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping, and about 10 percent have symptoms of daytime impairment that signal true insomnia.(7)all the complaints, scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia, its health consequences and how best to treat it, a panel of specialists(8)together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday. The panel called(9)a  broad range of research into insomnia, noting that if scientists understood its(10)causes, they could develop better treatments.

(7)[A]In addition to    [B]Except for    [C]Owing to        [D]But for

(8)[A]pulled            [B]collected         [C]brought           [D]drawn

(9)[A]on              [B]for              [C]up             [D]in

(10)[A]undertaking    [B]underlining     [C]underlying     [D]undermining☆Mrs. P sneezes violently. Mrs. Q says “Bless you!” Mrs. P says “Thank you. ”Again, this hardly seems to be a case of language being used to communicate ideas, but(11)to maintain a comfortable relationship between people. It’s sole function is to provide a means of avoiding a situation which both parties might(12)find embarrassing. No factual content is(13). Similarly, the use of such phrases as “Good morning” or “Pleased to meet you”, and(14)exchanges about health or the weather, do not communicate ideas in the usual sense.

(11)[A]only       [B]in order           [C]rather          [D]more

(12)[A]or else       [B]thereafter          [C]otherwise         [D]likewise

(13)[A]engaged       [B]involved             [C]rendered        [D]entailed

(14)[A]formal     [B]ceremonial          [C]normal          [D]ritual

     These illustrations apply to English and to many other European languages. (15)cultures vary greatly in the topics which they permit as phatic communication. The weather is not so universal a conversation filler as English might like to think!(16), phatic communication itself is far from universal: some cultures say little, and prefer silence, as(17)in the case of the Paliyans of southern India, or the Aritama of Colombia.

(15)[A]And           [B]But         [C]Hence      [D]Thus

(16)[A]However [B]Therefore   [C]Moreover    [D]Consequently

(17)[A]in case       [B]in the case  [C]in terms     [D]in accordance

     The first programmable electronic computer, with a memory of 20 words, was built in 1964, but the IT revolution did not really start(18)the spread of mainframe computers in the late 1940s and the invention of microprocessor in 1971. The(19)of technological advance since then has been popularly summed up by Moore’s Law.

(18)[A]before   [B]until   [C]since    [D]from

(19)[A]pace      [B]origin   [C]scope     [D]impact

     Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. And too many people are using unproven (未经证实的) therapies, even while there are a few treatments that do work. Millions of Americans(20)awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or take an pill, hoping it will make them sleepy. (21)experts agree all that selfmedicating is a bad idea, and the causes of chronic insomnia remain  mysterious.

(20)[A]fall        [B]lie       [C]seem        [D]become

(21) [A]And        [B]Though    [C]Thus        [D]But

本小节答案精解

 (1)[考点精解]本题考查倒装结构和习惯搭配。such that...是习惯搭配,意为“因为非常……以至于……”,如The shock was such that she was almost driven mad (因为打击太大了,她差点疯了)。空格所在句子是倒装句中,such置于句首,起强调作用。原文意为:养老基金的压力太大了,现在的工人有得不到他们预期的养老金的危险。

(2)[考点精解]本题考查虚拟语气的省略结构。空格处要求填入动词pay的适当形式。首先空格前 they指today’s workers(现在的工人),他们将是被付给退休金的人,所以要用pay的被动语态。其次,felt在这里表示“想,认为”,从句用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,这时should可以省略,所以[C]正确,相当于...they should be paid for.

 (3)[考点精解]本题考查逻辑语义的搭配。文章开篇就提出大部分人对它需要形成一种概念,1形成一种观点。原句的opinion和point of view意义相近,指“意见、看法,态度”,form opinion在前,develop point of view在后。

四个选项,[A]项介词词组rather than多用于比较两个事物的差异,它后面常接“说话人不喜欢、不认同或者想要否定的事物”,如I think I’d like a cold drink rather than coffee(我想喝冷饮,不想喝咖啡)。 [B]项习惯用法let alone sth./do sth.“不必考虑……,更不用说”和[C]项much less“更不用说”都用于表示一种追加的否定,如He can’t read,let alone write(他不会读,更别提写字了)。I can hardly walk, much less run(我几乎走不动,更不用说跑了)。[D]项so as to是一个副词词组,表示“为了做某事”,如I left a message so as to be sure of contacting her(我留下了一张条子以便和她取得联系)。前三个选项都有否定的含义,因此只能选择[D]项,so as to体现了form和develop间的逻辑关系:对数码相机有个概念是为了对它有更深层次的认识,即形成一种观点。

(4)[考点精解]本题考查固定搭配。agree的习惯搭配有:

1)     agree on表示说话双方就某件事情达成一致,如We couldn’t agree on when to meet(什么时候见面,我们未能取得一致意见)。

2)     agree with sb. (about/on sth.)和agree with sth.都表示“赞同,赞成,(与某人)意见一致”,如Do you agree with me about the need for more schools?(关于多建一些学校的事,你同意我的意见吗?);I agree with his analysis of the situation(我同意他对情况的分析)。

3)agree to sth.表示“答应(请求等)”,如Is he going to agree to our proposal?(他会答应我们的请求吗?)没有agree与by这样的搭配。

第二句话用But开头:但是很多爱好胶卷和电脑的人依然赞成一种早期的普遍观点……。agree后面跟的是wisdom(正确的判断,常识),因此介词应选with。

(5)[考点精解]本题考查连词的用法。本题的主句是The venerable medium of photography is beginning to seem...“古老的摄影方法开始显得……”;从句是5 we know it。这里需要选择一个连词。只能选择as,它接表比较的从句,意为“正如我们所知的一样”。实际上as we known已经是习惯用法。其他三个连词though“尽管,虽然”表让步,if“如果”表条件,unless“除非,除了”表假设,均不符合题意,因此本题答案为as。

(6)[考点精解]本题考查固定搭配。从上下文可知空格部分“out  6  with the way we live的意思大致是”(传统的照相机)已经跟不上我们生活方式的节奏了(或者说已经不能满足我们生活方式的要求了,等等)。

rate“(运动、变化等的)速度、进度”,如At the rate you work,you’ll never finish it(就你这个速度,永远也做不完)。这里rate与out...with不搭配,不能选。pace虽然意义和rate相近,表示“速度、进度、步伐”,但它的比喻意义是节奏,如He gave up his job in advertising,because he couldn’t stand the pace (他放弃了做广告的工作,因为工作节奏太快,他受不了)。out pace with就表示“跟不上……的节奏/步伐”,既符合题意,也很形象。step“(走、跑、跳舞等)迈一步”的动作,如He took a step toward the door(他向门口迈了一步),它也不能与out...with搭配。speed和rate一样,也表示速度,同理也不能入选。从另一个角度我们也能做出正确选择。若知道动词短语keep pace with sb./sth.表示“与……齐头并进”,我们很容易联想到out pace with sb./sth.就是“跟不上……的节奏、步伐”(=not keep up with),立刻能够直接选出正确答案pace。

(7)[考点精解]本题考查逻辑关系。从文意看,前面的“抱怨”(complaints)和后面科学家研究的对象“慢性失眠的原因、影响及治疗方法”之间不是包含(in addition to “除……之外(还有)”)或不包含(except for“除……以外,要不是”)这种并列关系,所以可排除[A]项和[B]项。其次,前后也不构成因果关系,排除[C]owing to“由于,因为”。[D]But for“ 要不是”表让步关系,符合文意,即“ 各种各样的抱怨很多,科学家们对慢性失眠的原因,对健康的影响以及如何有效地治疗都知之甚少”。

(8)[考点精解]本题考查动词词组的辨析。空格处填入的动词的被动语态与together搭配,表达the National Institutes of Health(全国卫生研究所)对a panel of specialists(一个专家小组)发出的动作。从语义看,bring together“集合,召集……”,指to arrange for people to meet and do something together,符合文意。注意summon sb together,get sb together也有此意。Pull together意为“重整,重建”,collect together“搜集到一起”,draw together“(情感上)团结到一起”。

(9)[考点精解]本题考查动词词组的辨析。填入的介词与call搭配,表达the panel对a broad range of research发出的动作。call on和call for都有“要求”的意思,但call on“访问(人);请求,要求(人)”,指 to formally ask someone to do something,后面接人,如The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire(联合国要求双方遵守停火协议);call for“要求,呼吁”,指to ask publicly for something to be done,符合文意。call up“召集,征召……入伍”,如He was called up right at the beginning of the war(他在战争一开始时就被征召入伍);call in“召来,召去”,如call in a doctor(请医生来)。

(10)[考点精解]本题考查形近词的辨析。空格处应填入形容词修饰causes (原因)作understood 的宾语。备选项中,[C]underlying为形容词,意为“根本的,潜在的”,符合文意,即“潜在的原因”。 [A]undertaking为名词,意为“事业、企业、承诺”;undertake为动词,意为“正在进行”。[B]和[D]是由动词转换的现在分词,其中underline意为“在……下面划线”,undermine意为“逐渐损害”。

(11)[考点精解]本题考查连接词组的用法。not...but rather...“不是……而是……”,用于说明一件事不正确而另一件正确,如The problem is not their lack of funding,but rather their lack of planning(他们的问题不是缺乏资金,而是缺乏计划)。文中hardly表否定,相当于not,to maintain a comfortable relationship与to communicate ideas并列,表目的,原文意为:这一事例中语言不是用来交流思想,而是为了保持人与人之间和谐轻松的关系。only to“结果”,in order to“为了”,more to“更”。

(12)[考点精解]本题考查逻辑关系。空格所在定语从句which both parties might...所表达的是人们想要避免的情形,而前文所述情形是人们想要达到的效果,两者之间是转折关系,排除[B]项thereafter“其后,从那以后(表时间)”、[D]likewise“同样的,也(表比较)”。or else“否则,要不然”,表选择或转折,但它是连词短语,通常连接两种不同的情况,如You must do the job yourself or else employ someone else to do(你必须自己做这个工作,要不然就雇别人来做)。而文中需要的是一个表转折的副词,otherwise“否则,不同地(表转折)”符合要求,原文意为:它(寒暄)的唯一功能是提供一个方法,来避免如果不这样做的话,双方可能都会感到尴尬的情形。

(13)[考点精解]本题考查动词的词义辨析。involve意为“包括,牵涉”,原文的含义是:没有实际内容包含其中,符合逻辑。Engage常用于“订婚;从事,参加”等,如He wants to engage(himself)in foreign trade(他想从事对外贸易);render有“使……成为(某状态)”的意思,如The sight rendered her speechless(那景观使她目瞪口呆),也常用于“给以(某人援助等)”,如Render help to those in need(给那些需要帮助的人以帮助);entail表示“使必须……,使承担”,指一件事使另一件事成为必然,如The job entailed being on call twentyfour hours a day(要做该工作必须24小时开机)。

(14)[考点精解]本题考查形容词的词义辨析。空格处填入的形容词修饰exchanges,说明“交流”的性质。人们谈论的健康、天气等内容显然不是formal“正式的”或ceremonial“仪式性的”,只是出于礼貌或避免尴尬的行为,即礼节性的(ritual)。本文没有讨论交流是否正常的问题,所以normal“正常的,正规的”不能选。

(15)[考点精解]本题考查逻辑关系。前文提到关于寒暄语的这些例子适用于很多语言,下文转而说具体用什么话题当寒暄语在不同文化中有很大差异,而后又开始举例证明,因此空格前后是转折关系,只有[B]项But“但是(表转折)”符合要求。And“并且,和”,表并列或递进;hence“因此,从此”,表因果; thus“因而,这样”,表因果。

(16)[考点精解]本题考查逻辑关系。空格前文提到,由于文化的差异,因此作为寒暄语的话题也是不同的……;空格下文则提到,寒暄本身根本不是很普遍。这两部分之间是递进关系,[C]Moreover“而且,此外(表递进)”正确。However“然而”,表转折;therefore“因而”,表因果;consequently“从而,因此”,表因果。

(17)[考点精解]本题考查名词短语的辨析。[D]in accordance“与……一致,依照”,不与of搭配,可排除。根据对文章的理解可知,the Paliyans of southern India,or the Aritama of Colombia是说明上文 say little,and prefer silence (不说寒暄语)的两个具体例子,因此空格处是一个表例证关系的短语,[B],in the case“在……的情况”符合文意。in case of“万一,在(有坏事的)情形时”;in terms of“在……方面,根据”。

(18)[考点精解]本题考查介词词义的辨析。until“直到……”,它与not构成搭配not...until...意为“直到……才……”,属于时间点的概念;before意为“在……之前”;since意为“自从……以来”,专用于引导完成时态的时间状语,属于时段的概念;from,“从……起”,也属于时间段概念。原文中有否定词not正好与until构成搭配,“直到40年代末台式计算机的推广和1971年微处理器的发明,信息革命才发生”,符合原文意思。用排除法亦可:before与转折连词but矛盾,since与此处的时态不相容,from也不符合要求。因此本题答案为[B]。

(19)[考点精解]本题考查考生通过上下文选词的能力。从下一句即可推断出此处空格需要表达的意义,选出正确的单词。下一句大意是:Intel公司的创始人之一戈顿·摩尔1965年断言,芯片的处理能力每18个月就会增强一倍。可见Moor谈论的是IT技术的发展速度。四个选项中的名词没有相关性。pace意为“进步或发展的速度”,如the pace of change in the electronics industry(电子工业的发展速度);origin意为“起源”;scope意为“(处理、研究事物的)范围”;impact意为“强烈的冲击,影响”。这里只有pace符合逻辑语义要求。

(20)[考点精解]本题考查动词词义的辨析。由上下文可知,本句要表达的意思是:上百万的美国人夜里睡不着觉。[B]lie“躺,平放”与awake搭配意为“躺着睡不着”。[A]fall“倒下,来临”不与awake搭配,常见搭配是fall asleep; [C]seem“似乎,像是”与awake搭配意为“似乎醒着”,不符文意;[D]项 become“变成,变得”表示一种变化,上下文中不存在这种语境。

(21)[考点精解]本题考查句子之间的逻辑关系。空格上句提到,上百万的美国人使用各种方法治疗失眠;空格所在句子则指出:专家们一致认为所有这种自己用药的方法都不是好主意,两句之间是转折的关系。[B]Though“虽然,尽管”只表句内逻辑的转折,不用于表示句与句之间的逻辑关系。[D]But“但是”可表句间转折,正确。[A]And“和,并且”,表并列或递进;[C]Thus“因而,从而”,表因果。

     介词短语+其他词类☆At one end, the Internet’s boosters have boldly proclaimed it as the greatest invention since the wheel, transforming the world so radically(1)the old economics textbooks need tearing up.(2), skeptics say that computers and the Internet are not widely as important as steam power, the telegraph or electricity. In their view, IT stand for “insignificant toy”, and when the technology bubble bursts, its economic benefit will(3)to be no greater than that of the 17thcentury tulip bubble.

(1)[A]provided    [B]though     [C]hence        [D]that

(2)[A]As a matter of fact             [B]At the other extreme

C]For this reason                  [D]Despite all this

(3)[A]step up     [B]hold on           [C]set out        [D]turn out

本小节答案精解

(1)[考点精解]本题考查连词词组。从上下文分析,我们推断出这里的意思“它对世界的改变非常大,以致旧的经济学教材都该被撕掉”,原文在副词radically前出现了so这个词,我们很容易联想到so...that...这个连词词组,表达“如此……以至于……”的意思。再看四个选项,[A]项provided作连词表示“假设,如果”,相当于if; [B]项though是转折连词,意为“尽管……”;[C]项hence是副词,意为“因此”,不符合此处需要连词的要求;显然[D]项that是最佳的选择。

(2)[考点精解]本题考查固定搭配。观察上下文,前句在说互联网支持者的看法,这句转为陈述怀疑论者或保守人士的看法,显然前后的逻辑关系为对比;前一句以at one end(一方面)开始,这句应该紧随其后谈论“另一方”的情况。四个选项中,as a matter of fact意为“事实上”;at the other extreme意为“另一个极端,另一端”;for this reason意为“由于这个原因”;despite all this意为“尽管这样”。正确答案为 [B]项。

(3)[考点精解]本题考查动词短语的辨析。hold on有三个基本含义,一是口语中祈使句表示“等一下,停住”,二是“坚持”,三是“抓牢,固定住”。set out表示“出发,上路”。 step up意为“站出来,自告奋勇”。turn out意为“证明为……,结果……”,与副词或形容词连用,如If the day turns out wet we may have to change our plans(如果下雨,我们就只能改变计划)。结合上下文可知:怀疑论者认为IT技术的泡影一旦破灭,它的经济成效就会呈现出同17世纪的郁金香泡沫经济一样的情形(不会比那时候好多少)。符合这个意思的只有turn out,turn out to be表示“呈现出……的结果”。

★关系代词+其他词类☆While it may make sense that lowerranking workers are less likely to be engaged, many highranking executives are in the same(1). For example, 49% of top executives are engaged, vs. 43% of managers and 32% of nonmanagers. Striking is   (2)9% of top executives, nearly one in 10, are actively disengaged. These executives are(3)the point of even going through the motions. It can(4)the entire company, because companies with disengaged executives are likely to have disengaged employees(5).

(1)[A]boat         [B]camp             [C]vein          [D]measure

(2)[A]how           [B]where              [C]that       [D]why

(3)[A]beside         [B]at                 [C]on          [D]beyond

(4)[A]undermine      [B]overshadow            [C]distress   [D]subordinate

(5)[A]on end       [B]in general        [C]by contrast[D]as a result

本小节答案精解

(1)[考点精解]本题考查习惯搭配的辨析。In the same boat意为“处境相同”,如If you lose your job, I’ll lose mine;so we are in the same boat (假使你失业,我也会失业,所以我们是“难兄难弟”);in the same camp意为“属同一阵营,观点一致”,如The two countries are traditionally in the same camp(这两个国家传统上总是观点一致的);In the same vein“同样语调[口气]的”,如They always speak in the same vein (他们总是用同一腔调说话);in the same measure“同一程度地,同样地”,如Drunkenness and carelessness are in the same measure responsible for automobile accidents(醉酒和粗心同样引起汽车事故)。根据上下文,从语法和语义上都搭配的是in the same camp,文中含义是:许多高层管理人员跟低层员工一样也不容易专心投入。[B]项为正确答案。

(2)[考点精解]本题考查主语从句关联词的用法。空格所在句子是倒装句,正常的顺序是...is striking。因此空格处需要一个引导主语从句的关系代词,四个选项从语法上都符合要求,因此需要根据上下文语义做出判断。上文提到,工作投入的比例从高层管理者到经理再到非经理呈下降趋势。而空格句子则提到,有百分之九的高层管理人员也主动地对工作不投入,这一事实却是令人吃惊的。因此该部分的含义已经完整,不需要how“如何”,where“在哪”,why“为什么”再进行说明,所以[C]正确。

(3)[考点精解]本题考查介词短语用法的辨析。四个备选项中的介词都可与the point搭配。beside the point意为“不重要的,偏离重点的”。at the point of“几乎要”,如She was at the point of tears (她几乎要哭了);on the point of“将近(就要)……的时候”,如She was on the point of leaving when I arrived.(当我到达时,她正要离开)。beyond the point of“(程度)超出”。空格后go through the motions意为“装样子,敷衍了事”。空格上文提到,很多高层管理者主动地对工作不投入。由上文actively disengaged和该句的even可知句子的含义是:这些老总们甚至连敷衍都懒得敷衍,即超出了敷衍的程度,所以[D]beyond正确。

(4)[考点精解]本题考查动词词义的辨析。空格填入的动词应表达it(指上文提到的高层管理者连敷衍都懒得敷衍的行为)对the entire company(整个公司)发出的动作。由后半句的解释“拥有不投入管理者的公司,员工也会心不在焉”可以看出这种行为会损害公司,[A]项undermine“(逐渐)破坏、削弱”正确。[B]overshadow“使……蒙上阴影,使相形见拙”,当表示“蒙上阴影”时指的是to make an event less enjoyable than it should be(使扫兴),如News of the accident overshadowed the day’s events (出事的消息给这一天的活动蒙上了阴影)。[C]distress“使悲痛,使忧伤”,后面常接人,如the letter deeply distressed her(这封信使她极为悲伤)。[D]subordinate的用法是subordinate sth./sb.to (sth./sb.)“把……置于次要地位,使从属于”,如safety considerations were subordinated to commercial interests(商业利益被置于安全考虑之上)。由上可知,[B]、[C]、[D]三项均与文意不符。

(5)[考点精解]本题考查逻辑关系。空格处填入的短语应表达句内的逻辑关系。空格所在句子已知部分的含义是;这种行为可能会损害整个公司,因为拥有不投入管理者的公司,员工也会心不在焉。on end“连续地,不断地”;in general“一般地”;by contrast“相反的”;as a result“结果”。四个选项中,只有in general放入后符合逻辑,表示一种普遍规律:一般来说拥有不投入管理者的公司,员工也会心不在焉。