二、虚词类题典及解题方法
1. 连词（或连词短语）考点特别提示通常同一个从属连接词所引导的状语从句放在句尾时，对于整个句义有时在两个从句之间不能加逗号，可有时在两个从句之间必须用逗号分开。但是，并非所有的从属连接词所引导的状语从句都是如此，兹分别说明如下：(1) 有些连接词所引导的状语从句和主句之间不能用逗号分开。这些连接短语主要是：
◇as... as, not so/as...as
He drove as fast as he could.
(他车子能开多快就开多快。——他车子开得尽可能地快。)
She doesn’t study so (or as) hard as she used to. (她没有过去用功。)
◇so... that, such... that
She had so many children that she didn’t know what to do.
(她的孩子多得令她不知道如何是好。)
I was having such a nice time that I didn’t want to leave.
(我玩得开心得不想离开。)
◇than
I like her no better than he does. (我并不比他更喜欢她。)
◇till/until
I will continue to work until my children are out of school.
(我要继续工作一直到我的孩子们完成学业为止。)(2)有些连接词所引导的状语从句总只是作为补充的说明，因此和主句之间永远用逗号分开。这些连接词是：
◇although, though, even though
He didn’t pass the test, even though (or though, although) he studied hard.
(虽然他很用功，但他还是没有考及格。)
◇no matter what /when /how /etc.
I’ll never change my mind, no matter what you say.
(不管你怎么说，我决不会改变主意的。)
I’ll always love you, no matter what. (无论发生了什么事情，我永远爱你。)
注意：what之后省略了动词happens。
Don’t believe the rumor, no matter how often you hear it.
（无论你听到多少次，都不要相信这谣言。）
◇since表示“原因”时。
He’s decided not to go to the concert, since he’s not interested in classical music.
(因为他对古典音乐没兴趣，他已决定不去听音乐会了。)
◇whereas, while (=whereas)
My wife and I are expecting a child. She is hoping for a boy, whereas (or while) I am hoping for a girl. （我太太和我都盼望有个小孩。她希望有个男孩，而我却希望有个女孩。）
【语法注释】虽然whereas和while归类在从属连接词里，由于它的作用是表示前后相反的对照，而且前后可以对换，所以从意义而言，两个子句并无主从之分。若用对等连接词but来代替，对全句含义并无改变。
【复习题典】
☆ No one knows for certain the short and longterm effects of these products of gene engineering,（1）there’s a chance they could lead to the unintentional creation of “superweeds” or interfere with natural plant stocks, for more information on GMOs, we recommend visiting www. saynotogmos. org.
（1） ［A］while ［B］and［C］but ［D］or
☆ Londoners appear more careless than others with their laptops, （2）Danes are most likely to forget their mobile phones, the survey found. In Chicago in the United States, passengers often（3）handheld computers on the back seat.
（2） ［A］when ［B］while ［C］wherever ［D］whenever
（3） ［A］fell behind ［B］stayed behind ［C］left behind ［D］dropped behind☆Now it turns out that tea, (4)chicken soup, is what can give your body an extra kick（极度的刺激）to help it battle infections.
（4） ［A］other than ［B］rather than ［C］better than ［D］more than☆But creating humananimal chimeras, named after a monster in Greek mythology that had a lion’s head, goat’s body, and serpent’s tail, has raised troubling questions: What new subhuman(5)should be produced and for what purpose? At what point would it be considered human? And what rights,(6), should it have? There are currently no U.S. federal laws that address these issues.
（5） ［A］combination ［B］controversy ［C］compromise ［D］consensus（6） ［A］if possible ［B］if necessary ［C］if only ［D］if any
☆ Chinese scientists at the Shanghai Second Medical University in 2003 successfully fused human cells with rabbit eggs. The embryos were (7) the first humananimal chimeras successfully created. They were allowed to develop for several clays in a laboratory dish(8)the scientists destroyed the embryos to harvest their stem cells. In Minnesota last year researchers at the Mayo Clinic created pigs with human blood flowing through their bodies.
(7)［A］remarkably ［B］repeatedly ［C］reportedly ［D］reasonably
(8)［A］after ［B］before ［C］since ［D］as
☆Anytime you’re shopping, don’t forget to consider the companies behind the brand names. One cereal company might be an environmental champion,(9)the other manufactures its corn flakes via(10)environmental practices. An easy way to compare two companies is to use sites such as www. responsibleshopper. com. They present both the good and bad sides of every company they(11), and they grade hundreds of companies on social, ethical and environmental issues.
(9)［A］when ［B］while ［C］as ［D］because
(10)［A］constructive ［B］destructive ［C］instructive ［D］obstructive
(11)［A］profit ［B］propose ［C］protect ［D］profile
本小节答案精解
（1） ［答案］［C］but
［考点］判断句子之间的逻辑关系。
［解析］前半句的意思是没有人明确知道转基因产品的短期和长期效应，后半句的意思是它们可能导致某种情况，前后意思有转折，因此答案为［C］。
（2）［答案］［B］while
［考点］判断句子关系，选择合适的连词。
［解析］前半句的意思是：“伦敦人对笔记本电脑似乎比别人更加粗心”，后半句是说：“丹麦人最容易忘记拿手机”，前后半句是并列的关系，所以选表示转折的连词while，［B］是正确答案。
（3）［答案］［C］left behind
［考点］动词短语辨析。
［解析］fall behind是“落在后面”，stay behind是“依旧落在后面”，leave behind是“不带，忘了带，遗留”，drop behind是“落在……的后面”。根据上下文，应该选left behind，所以选［C］。
（4）［答案］［B］rather than
［考点］连词短语辨析，把握和判断句子成分之间的关系。
［解析］other than的意思是“不同于，非”，rather than的意思是“不如说……而不是……”，better than的意思是“比……好”，more than的意思是“比……多”。chicken soup 是插入语，起到补充说明的作用，根据句子意思，［B］是正确答案。这句话的意思是：茶叶而不是鸡汤能为人体提供额外的刺激，帮助它对抗细菌。
（5）［答案］［A］combination
［考点］名词辨析，形容词与名词的搭配。
［解析］combination是“结合(体)，混合(体)”，controversy是“争论，辩论”，compromise是“妥协，和解”，consensus是“一致同意”。空格前的subhuman是“类似人的”，能与其搭配的只有combination，因此选［A］。
（6） ［答案］ ［D］if any
［考点］连词短语辨析。
［解析］if possible是“如果有可能”，if necessary是“如果有必要”，if only是“要是，只要，要是……多好”，if any是“即便有”。根据句子意思应该选if any，答案是［D］。这句话翻译过来是：“即使有权利，它应该有哪些?”
(7) ［答案］［C］reportedly
［考点］副词辨析。
［解析］remarkably是“引人注目地，异常地”，repeatedly是“一再，再三，多次地”，reportedly是“据报道，据(传)说”，reasonably是“合理地，明智地”。根据词义可以立即排除［B］选项，空格后面是the first，因此前面不能加程度副词，排除remarkably和reasonably，答案是［C］。
(8)［答案］［B］before
［考点］连词选择，判断时间状语从句与主句中动作发生的前后顺序
［解析］主句是说那些胚胎会在实验室器皿里发育几天，从句的意思是科学家出于某种目的把胚胎破坏掉，根据一般的逻辑关系，肯定是主句的动作在前，所以选择［B］。
(9)［答案］［B］while
［考点］连词辨析，判断句子的逻辑关系。
［解析］根据上下文的关键词“one...the other...”和“An easy way to compare two companies”，可见这句话是对两类公司的对比。因此只能选while“而……”，正确答案为［B］。
(10)［答案］［B］destructive
［考点］形容词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的形容词。
［解析］constructive和destructive是一组反义词，分别是“建设性的”和“破坏性的”，instructive意思是“有益的，教育意义的”，obstructive意思是“妨碍的”。While之前的句子意思是某个公司是环境保护的拥护者，那么与之相对照的是对环境有破坏行为的公司，所以正确答案为［B］。
(11)［答案］［D］profile
［考点］动词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的动词。
［解析］四个动词词头相同，profit意思是“赢利”，profile的词根为file，应与“记录”有关，意思是“描述，给……写传略或概况”，propose为“提议”之意，protect则为“保护”。本题的关键在于要首先明白“they”的指代，根据上下文，they指的是上一句中的“sites”，动词的宾语是every company，根据句子的意思，答案应该是［D］。这句话的意思是这些网址描述了它们所记录的各个公司好的和坏的方面。
2. 介词搭配（或介词短语）考点
【复习题典】☆For the global businessman, food taste will be an important part of career mastery［注意搭配］. Being successful in South America or the Far East means having insight (1) another culture, and local dishes will become an important component［注意搭配］ (2).
(1)［A］in ［B］into ［C］to ［D］by
(2)［A］of that ［B］of it ［C］to it ［D］by that
☆ After years of advancing early retirement schemes to avoid redundancies and higher unemployment, many governments are now looking(3)persuading people to stay in work until they are older. Surely, the thinking goes, if we are healthier now and jobs are physically less(4)strenuous and unemployment is down, then perhaps the present rate should rise anew.
(3)［A］for ［B］to ［C］about ［D］at
(4)［A］turbulent［B］strenuous ［C］compact ［D］intricate
☆ Given 20 ounces of tea daily, nontea drinkers were better able to fight(5)bacterial diseases, according to a study at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. The researchers credit Ltheanine, an ingredient found in black, green, oolong and pekoe teas—but not in(6)teas, which usually don’t contain Camellia sinensis, the one true tea plant .
(5)［A］off ［B］against ［C］with ［D］for
(6)［A］herbal ［B］credible ［C］favorable ［D］fashionable
☆ This is a deadly, serious problem(7)college campuses today. In 1997 Harvard University’s School of Public Health surveyed students at 130 colleges for a college alcohol study and found about two of every five college students(8)in binge drinking. Frequent binge drinkers at college were 22 times more(9)than nonbinge drinkers to have problems,(10)missed classes, falling behind in school work, getting in trouble or hurt and engaging in unplanned sexual activity.
(7)［A］of ［B］in ［C］on ［D］about
(8)［A］endeavor ［B］engage ［C］insist ［D］practise
(9)［A］possibl ［B］lively ［C］likely ［D］feasible
(10)［A］as such ［B］as if ［C］as much as［D］such as
本小节答案精解
(1)［答案］［B］into
［考点］名词与介词搭配。
［解析］insight后面应该跟介词into。
(2)［答案］［A］of that
［考点］名词与介词搭配和代词复指意义。
［解析］component 或part后面应该跟介词of，而且that指上文的语句意义。
(3)［答案］［D］at
［考点］本题考查固定短语的辨析。
［精解］备选项的介词都可与look搭配成短语动词：look for，“寻找，寻求”；look to“朝……看；指望，依赖”；look about“环视，(事先)审时度势”；look at“研究考虑”。由短语的意义可知［D］项符合文意，look at表示to study and think about something，especially in order to decide what to do，在原文的意思是“前些年为了避免裁员及高失业率政府采取提前早退休的方案，而现在许多政府正考虑劝说人们晚退休”。
例句补充：
They are looking for the missing child.(他们正在寻找那失踪的小孩)；Don’t look to him for help(别指望他的帮忙)；Look about carefully before making the final decision.(在做出最后决定之前，要先周密权衡一下)。
(4)［答案］［B］Strenuous
［考点］本题考查形容词词义的辨析。
［精解］空格处填入的形容词在句子中做表语，说明“现在的工作在生理上(physically)不如以前4”。由上文Surely，the thinking goes可知空格所在句子是上一句“政府考虑说服人们晚退休”的理由。［A］turbulent“(海、气候等)狂暴的；(时代)动荡不安的”一般不与job搭配;而［C］compact“紧密的，密集的；(身体)紧绷绷的”和［D］intricate“错综复杂的，难以理解的”一般不用于从生理上说工作。只有［B］strenuous“(工作等)需要极端努力的，费劲的”既能从生理上说明job的性质，又可解释原因。
(5)［答案］［A］off
［考点］介词辨析，动词与介词的搭配。
［解析］四个介词都可和fight搭配，fight off意思是“击退”，fight against和fight with的意思都是“和……战斗”，fight for意思是“为……而战斗”。fight against和fight with可以同时被排除， fight for也不对，因此答案是［A］。
(6)［答案］［A］herbal
［考点］形容词辨析，形容词与名词的搭配。
［解析］herbal意思为“草药的”，credible意思是“可信的”，favorable意思是“赞成的，有利的”，fashionable意思是“流行的，时髦的”。从句子结构可以看出，6teas和前面的green tea等相对应，是一种茶叶，因此正确答案为［A］。
(7)［答案］［C］on
［考点］介词选择。
［解析］campus前面的固定介词是on，所以答案是［C］。
(8)［答案］［B］engage
［考点］动词辨析，动词与介词的搭配。
［解析］endeavor是“努力，尽力，竭力做到”，后面加不定式，engage能和in搭配，表示“从事，参与”，insist后面可以加on或者upon，意思是“坚持，一定要”，practise不能跟in构成短语。binge drinking是指“狂饮作乐”，根据这几个动词的用法判断，只有engage能和in搭配，因此［B］是正确答案。
(9)［答案］［C］likely
［考点］形容词辨析。
［解析］possible是“可能的，有可能做到的”，lively是“充满活力的，活泼的”，likely是“可能的，有倾向的”，feasible是“可行的，合理的”。lively和feasible可首先排除，possible最常用的结构是It is possible (for sb.) to do sth，而这句话的主语是frequent college drinkers，所以选［C］。
(10)［答案］［D］such as
［考点］判断句子内部的逻辑关系。
［解析］这个空格后面的四个并列成分是对前面problems的展开说明，举了四个例子，所以答案是［D］。
3. 关系代词考点
【复习题典】☆When broken down by the liver, Ltheanine becomes an antigen called ethylamine,(1)primes the response of gammadelta T cells against a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic(2), and possibly tumors. Ethylamine is also found in other plantbased foods, such as apples, mushrooms and wine.
（1） ［A］which ［B］that ［C］who ［D］where
（2） ［A］diseases ［B］infections ［C］illnesses ［D］deficiencies
☆ Questions about animal care arose with the explosive growth in largescale livestock farms,(3)spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as “factory parts.” That spurred ARS and the livestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal(4)issues, making sure that guidelines are based on facts determined through scientific research. The goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its voluntary guidelines.
（3） ［A］who ［B］what ［C］which ［D］how
（4） ［A］health ［B］life ［C］wealth ［D］welfare
☆ A realistic goal in one culture may not be so in another. One way to get at (触及，抓住，接近，着手处理) what might be realistic is to analyze(5)psychologists call the “locus of control.” People in some cultures tend to believe in “(6)control” over destiny—that is, that people can control events themselves. People in other cultures believe in “external control” over destiny—that is, events are(7)and uncontrollable.
（5） ［A］how ［B］why ［C］when ［D］what
（6） ［A］individual ［B］inward ［C］internal ［D］inner
（7） ［A］unprecedented［B］unexpected ［C］preoccupied ［D］predetermined
☆ Unfortunately, it’s this kind of defeatist mentality(8)keeps people from enhancing their lives through proper diet and exercise. Here is the salient point, though: The health and fitness benefits you’ll derive from(9)the necessary work are worth whatever sacrifices you must make(10)the way.
（8） ［A］that ［B］which ［C］what ［D］who
（9） ［A］setting in ［B］putting in ［C］getting in ［D］cutting in
（10) ［A］along ［B］by ［C］on ［D］in
本小节答案精解
（1)［答案］［A］which
［考点］关系代词或副词辨析，根据句子关系选择合适的代词或副词。
［解析］根据句子结构分析，此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰ethylamine，因此只能选which，正确答案为［A］。
（2) ［答案］［B］infections
［考点］名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词。
［解析］disease意思是“疾病”，infection意思是“传染病”，illness也是“疾病”，deficiency意思是“缺乏，不足”。disease和illness是同义词，同时排除，deficiency也不合适，所以选［B］。
（3)［答案］［C］which
［考点］根据句子结构选择关系代词或副词。
［解析］解这道题时，首先要理清句子结构。逗号后面的句子应为非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整句话，待选词应为引导定语从句的关系代词，据此可排除what和how，又因为这个定语从句修饰的不是人，who也被排除。正确答案只能为［C］。
（4)［答案］［D］welfare
［考点］名词辨析，根据上下文选择合适的名词。
［解析］health是“健康”，life是“生命，生存”，wealth是“财富”，welfare是“福利”。从上文可以看出，本文讨论的是针对动物的福利提出的一些饲养动物的规定，因此［D］是正确答案。
（5)［答案］［D］ what
［考点］关系代词与副词辨析。
［解析］analyze是及物动词，因此可以判断analyze后面是一个宾语从句，四个选项中只有 what能够引导宾语从句，所以答案是［D］。
（6)［答案］［C］ internal
［考点］形容词辨析，根据对应关系选择合适的形容词。
［解析］individual是“个人的，个别的”，inward是“内部的，体内的，内心的，向里边的”，internal是“内在的，本性的，主观的，个人的”，inner是“内部的，内心的，精神的，心灵的”。如果只看词义，似乎比较难选择，但我们只要看看下一句话，问题就迎刃而解了。这两句话说的是不同文化的人们不同的信仰，无论从句子结构，还是用词，这两句话都对得很工整，因此我们靠对应关系就能确定答案，和external相反的是internal，因此选择［C］。
（7)［答案］ ［D］ predetermined
［考点］形容词辨析，根据并列结构选择合适的形容词。
［解析］unprecedented是“无前例的，绝无仅有的”，unexpected是“意外的，突如其来的”， preoccupied是“全神贯注的，入神的”，predetermined是“预先决定的，预先确定的”。需要填的内容和后面的uncontrollable应该是并列的，从这个角度考虑，［D］是最佳选项，意思是人们相信事情是预先决定的，人们无法控制。
（8)［答案］［A］that
［考点］关系代词辨析。
［解析］这是一个强调句，被强调的主语是defeatist mentality，所以只能选［A］。
（9)［答案］［B］putting in
［考点］动词短语辨析，动词短语与名词的搭配。
［解析］set in意思是“开始”，put in意思是“花费，付出(时间、精力等)”，get in意思是“加入，收割”，cut in意思是“插嘴”。后面的名词是necessary work，合适的搭配选项应是put in，正确答案为［B］。
（10)［答案］［A］along
［考点］介词（短语）辨析。
［解析］along the way表示“在这一过程中”，by the way意思为“在途中，附带说说”，on the way意思是“来到，接近，在进行中”，in the way为“挡道的，妨碍人的”之意。根据句子意思，正确答案是［A］。本句意思是：很遗憾，正是这种失败主义者的心理使人们不想通过合理的饮食和体育锻炼来提高生活质量。合理饮食和体育锻炼换来的身体健康值得坚持过程中所做的任何牺牲。
4. 关系副词考点
☆关系副词（Relative Adverb）原来和疑问副词一样也是when, where, why和how这四个字。如：◇July is usually the month when the weather is the hottest. (七月通常是天气最热的月份。)◇Is that the bank where you keep your money? (那是不是你把钱存在那里的银行？)◇The reason why he’s late is that there was a traffic jam. (他迟到的原因是碰到了交通阻塞。)◇We all have the twentyfour hours of the day, but we differ in the way how （这里用in which或that都对） we use them.(我们都有一天的二十四小时，可是利用这二十四小时的方式则各不相同。)
【语法注释】
在现代英语里，时常将关系副词how省略掉，或用that代替（不过，这个that也常省略不用。试看例句： ◇Is this the way you do it? (这是不是你做这件事的方法？)◇It depends on the way you start the work. (这要看你开始做这工作的方法而定。)
【复习题典】
☆ New York chef Mario Batali is among those rethinking pizza, making it thinner, healthier, and more portable. One size does not fit all: look for designer shop, （1）you can choose from a wide variety of main and（2）dishes to take home and heat up yourself.
（1）［A］when ［B］why ［C］where ［D］which
（2）［A］small ［B］side ［C］minor ［D］secondary
☆ The survey of some 1,000 taxi drivers said that passengers had lost three times more handheld computers in the second half of 2004 than in 2001,（3）the research by security software company Pointsec was first（4）. Most of the items were returned to their owners, cab drivers said. Four out of five mobile phones and 19 out of every 20 computers found their（5）back, they said.
（3）［A］which ［B］where ［C］when ［D］what
（4）［A］carried out［B］worked out ［C］found out ［D］figured out
（5）［A］road ［B］path ［C］journey ［D］way
本小节答案精解
（1）［答案］［C］where
［考点］根据从句与主句的关系选择关系代词或关系副词。
［解析］这句话逗号后面的那部分是非限制性定语从句，从句中没有缺少的句子成分，因此空格里填的不可能是关系代词，立即排除which，逗号前的先行词是designer shop，即由著名设计师设计的熟食店，表示地点，所以选择［C］。
（2）［答案］［B］side
［考点］名词词组的固定搭配。
［解析］英语当中主菜与配菜的固定表达分别是main dish和side dish，所以答案是［B］。
（3）［答案］［C］when
［考点］根据主句与从句的关系选择连词。
［解析］逗号后是从句，没有缺失的句子成分，所以不是定语从句，排除which和what，空格前是年份，所以选［C］。
（4）［答案］［A］carried out
［考点］动词短语辨析，动词短语和名词的搭配。
［解析］carry out是“实行，执行，进行”，work out是“想出，解决，理解”，find out是“找出，发现，查明(真相)”，figure out是“计算出，想出，理解”。四个选项中只有carry out能和从句里的主语research搭配，所以选［A］。
（5）［答案］［D］way
［考点］动词固定短语。
［解析］find one’s way是一个固定短语，意思是“设法到达，努力达到”，所以答案是［D］。这句话的意思是：“他们说，每5部手机中有4部，每20台电脑中有19台物归原主。”
5. 连接副词考点(1) 重点复习内容
连接副词（Conjunctive Adverbs）是考研英语完形和阅读理解复习中的必备利器，应该精读这一节的内容。所谓连接副词，即是具有副词作用的对等连接词的作用、连接两个独立的句子或从句的副词。如：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, still, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, thus, so, then, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, all the same, for example, for instance等。举例说明如下：
◇It was cold. Nonetheless, I went swimming.
（那天很冷。但是，我还是去游泳了。）
◇It was raining; nevertheless, we went to the zoo.
（天正下着雨；但是，我们还是去动物园了。）
◇It was hot. Therefore, we went swimming.
（那天很热。所以，我们去游泳了。）
◇Last night’s typhoon damaged the power lines; consequently，the whole city was without electricity for several hours.
（昨晚的台风把电线损毁了；结果，全市停电了好几个小时。）
◇It’s too late to go home now. Moreover, it’s beginning to rain.
（现在太晚了不能回家，况且，又开始下雨了。）
◇I’m too tired to go; furthermore, it is too late.
（我太累不能去；况且，又太迟了。）
◇You’d better hurry; otherwise, you will be late.
（你最好赶快；否则，你会迟到。）(2) 常考的连接副词之比较说明
第1组moreover, furthermore, besides与in addition四者的含义相同，都作“此外，而且”讲。在非正式的场合也可用anyway, anyhow, in any case代替。如：
◇ I like to read that newspaper. The news is always reported accurately. Moreover (or Furthermore, Besides, In addition), it has interesting special features.
（我喜欢看那份报纸。消息报道得一直很正确，而且有些有趣的特别报道。）
◇The bill cannot be paid as yet; besides, (or anyway, in any case), the work is not completed.
（目前还不能付钱，而且工作还没有完成。）
此句中as yet的含义是“到现在”，相当于“up to now”。
◇I did not like the house; in addition, it was too highpriced.
（我不喜欢那房屋，况且价格太高。）
第2组however, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet与still的含义相似，都是作“可是，虽然”讲，相当于“but anyway/anyhow”，“(al) though, even though”。如：
◇She was very sad; however (or nevertheless, nonetheless, still), she smiled and pretended to be having a good time.
(=She was very sad, yet she still smiled and pretended to be having a good time.
=She was very sad, but she smiled and pretended to be having a good time anyway.)
（她非常悲伤，可是她还是带着微笑假装很快乐的样子。）
◇We have to go on foot; still, we’ll get there.
(=Although ［or Though］ we have to go on foot, we’ll get there.
=Even though we have to go on foot, we’ll get there.)
（我们只好步行，虽然如此，我们还是会到达那里。）
第3组therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence与thus的含义大致相似，都相当于“so（所以，因此）”。如：
◇The weather was cold; therefore, we stayed home.
（天气寒冷。因此，我们待在家里。）
◇He told me the circumstances; accordingly, I acted.
（他告诉了我一切情况，于是我遵照办理。）
◇My boss just approved the purchase order, hence let’s confirm a delivery date.
（老板刚才批准了这项购物订单，所以我们来确定一个交货的日期。）
◇They found that the new plan was hard to carry out; thus they decided to go back to their original one.
（他们发现那项新计划难以实现，于是决定回过来采用原先的计划。）
第4组then用作连接副词时有三个含义：一为“此外，而且”，相当于“besides”；二为“因此”，相当于“therefore”；三为“然后”相当于“afterwards”。如：
◇ I love my job; then (or besides) it pays so well.
（我热爱我的工作，而且待遇又这么好。）
◇You broke the window, then (or therefore) you should pay for it.
（你打破了窗子，因此你应该赔偿。）
◇He used to beat his wife when he was drunk; then, next morning, he told her how sorry he was.
（他过去常在喝醉酒的时候打他的太太，然后，第二天早晨，又向她深致歉意。）
第5组on the contrary与on the other hand的含义不同，不能互相代换。
On the contrary是用在“前面否定了他人所言，相反的，后面才是事实”的结构里，所以前面通常都是否定的句子或子句；on the other hand是用来表示“前面虽是事实，然而后面也是事实”。再者，on the contrary前后的主词是指同一对象，后者则不尽然。如：
◇They are not rich. On the contrary, they are poor.
（他们不富有，相反的，他们贫穷。）
◇Mary is rich. On the other hand, John is poor.
（玛丽富有。可是，约翰贫穷。）
◇He is not fat, but on the contrary, he is thin.
（他不胖，相反的，他很瘦。）
◇Some people are fat, but on the other hand, others are thin.
（有些人胖，可是，又有些人瘦。）
◇Some people prefer to live in the country; on the other hand, others prefer to live in town.
（有些人比较喜欢住在乡下，可是，也有些人倒喜欢住在城里。）
◇It’s not a very nice apartment. On the other hand, it’s cheap.
（那不是个非常好的公寓。可是，很便宜。）
◇The job wasn’t very interesting. But on the other hand, it was wellpaid.
（这工作不是很有趣。可是待遇好。）
第6组all the same与on the other hand的含义与用法都同，相当于“however”。如：
◇He’s not doing a very good job. All the same, you’ve got to admit that he’s doing his best.
◇He’s not very reliable, but all the same I like him.
(or He’s not very reliable, but I like him all the same.)
（他不是非常可靠，可是我还是喜欢他。）
第7组 for example与for instance都可作“例如”讲，用法也大致相同。如：
◇There are many interesting places to visit in the city. For example (or For instance), the botanical garden has numerous displays of plants from all over the world.
（这个都市里有许多有趣的地方可以参观。例如，植物园里有许多来自世界各地的植物展示。）
◇There are many interesting places to visit in the city. The art museum, for instance (or for example), has an excellent collection of modern paintings.
（这个都市里有许多有趣的地方可以参观。例如，美术馆有非常好的现代画收藏。）
◇There are many interesting places to visit in the city, for example, (or such as) the botanical garden and the art museum.
（这个城市有许多有趣的地方可以游览，例如植物园和美术馆。）
【复习题典】☆The National Academy of Sciences, which advises the U. S. government, has been studying the issue. In March it plans to present voluntary ethical guidelines for researchers. A chimera is a mixture of two or more(1)in one body. Not all are considered troubling,(2).
(1)［A］species ［B］types ［C］sorts ［D］specimens
(2)［A］however ［B］although ［C］though ［D］moreover☆An estimated 11,300 laptop computers, 31,400 handheld computers and 200,000 mobile telephones have been left in taxis around the world during the last six months, according to a survey. Taxi drivers in nine cities also said they had found a range of other items（3）by passengers, including a harp, 37 milk bottles and some artificial limbs. One driver said he（4）found a baby in his taxi.
（3）［A］claimed ［B］found ［C］left ［D］declared
（4）［A］even ［B］still ［C］however ［D］somehow
本小节答案精解
(1)［答案］［A］species
［考点］名词辨析。
［解析］species是“物种”，type是“类型，种类，品种”，sort是“品种，种类”，specimen是“样本，标本，抽样”。［D］可以立即排除，type和sort的意思相近，是干扰项，同时排除，因此答案是［A］。
(2)［答案］［C］though
［考点］连词与连接副词用法辨析。
［解析］ however（副词）常用于句子之间，前后用逗号隔开，although（连词）可用在句首和句中，但不能用于句末，moreover表示递进逻辑关系，用于句首和句中，不能用于句末。四个词中能放在句末的只有 though=nevertheless是连接副词，意为“可是 ，然而，不过”。
（3）［答案］［C］left
［考点］过去分词辨析，同时考核句型find sth. +补语（过去分词）。
［解析］claim是“认领，索取”，find是“找到，发现”，leave是“丢下，遗忘”，declare是“申报 (纳税品、房地产、收益等)”。从文章第一句话可以看出，主题是有关顾客遗忘在出租车上的物品，那么这里选［C］left。
（4）［答案］［A］even
［考点］连接副词辨析，判断前后两句话在意思上的强调语气。
［解析］上面一句话说出租车司机发现顾客遗忘的东西有一把竖琴，37个奶瓶和一些假肢，这句话说一个司机在车里找到了一个婴儿，前面提到的都是无生命的东西，把这些东西丢在车上还情有可原，有的人居然能把活生生的孩子也忘在车上，确实让人难以置信，两句话在意思上是递进的关系，所以选择［A］even。
