1.如何答——应试对策、方法及技巧翻开考研英语试卷的阅读部分，考生首先应当掌握的最基本的应试对策可以概括为：1.确立文章思路，2.考点出处到位，3.答案重叠原文。事实上这十八个字已经概括了阅读解题的全部过程。第一步“确立文章思路”是指考生首先应对文章总体的思路和结构有一个大概的了解，先不要急于去读题目，而是应当将文章从头到尾看一遍，弄清楚文章的中心意思，这一遍阅读的目的并不是要立即找到答题所需要的信息点。在阅读的时候还要有主次之分，文章的第一段是文章的灵魂和核心，也应当是第一遍阅读的重点所在。考生要尽量将第一段的每一句话都理解透彻，因为掌握了第一段，就已经基本了解掌握了整篇文章的内容，至于其他的段落可以加快速度，看得懂就看，看不懂就暂时跳过去，在不懂的地方做出记号，留待以后解决。读完文章并理清思路后就可以接着阅读试题，命题专家在设计考卷时，题目排列的次序与文章的布局基本是相吻合的，也就是说题目所需要的信息点在文章中应当是按顺序出现的，这一点对于基础差的考生相当重要，因为考生完全可以根据每篇文章题目的题干来推测文章大致的内容和思路。有些考生在把握文章思路时常常会陷入困境，他们虽然也从头到尾把文章读了一遍，但还是搞不清文章到底在讲什么。如何扫清阅读理解中出现的盲点?笔者建议考生在第一遍阅读时注意以下几点：1.文章中有些信息可以忽略，例如有关职务、头衔、社会地位等补充性说明；2.第一遍阅读时，可暂时不管句中破折号后所提供的旁支信息；3.复杂的难句看清主、谓、宾即可，其他辅助信息除非是与解题有关，否则亦可暂时不管；4.上下文中平行对称的地方经常内容相同，所以这些互相对照的内容也可帮助考生消除盲点；5.做题时应注意：因为命题时要求选项部分的语言难度要低于文章语言的难度，所以读懂选项的语言常会帮助考生正确理解文章的内容。第二步“考点出处到位”是就审题而言，实质上就是要求考生要审题到位，弄清楚题目针对文章的什么内容提问。考生在读完题目后通常会返回到文章里去寻找答案，这时又会出现另一种情况，有些考生文章都看懂了，可就是找不到答案在哪里，出现这种情况的根本原因是考生根本没有审清题意，没有弄清楚题目要求考生在文章中寻找什么信息，因为绝大部分题目是针对文章的具体内容提问，所以只要考生审题到位，返回原文搜索答案时，即可圈点出相应的内容，从而缩小寻找范围，大大提高正确率。2003年考研试题的20道阅读题中只有4道题目(1道主旨题，3道判断题)无法依据题干语言在原文中圈点，其他的16道题目均可根据题干命题语言在文中圈点出相应的内容，答案基本就在所圈语句的附近。所以只要能在掌握文章思路的基础上做到“圈点到位”，基本上所有的阅读题目都可以迎刃而解，特别是具体的细节题，可以说是手到擒来。第三步“答案重叠原文”就是完成题目之后要检查所找到的答案是否正确。设计阅读题时，选项通常是这样四种情况，假设选项内容是一个圆，文章内容也是一个圆，第一种情况是两者相距甚远，根本没有相交的地方，内容完全不一样，这种选项很容易就被排除掉；第二种情况是这两个圆相切，即只有很小一部分互相联系，但会有一部分考生选这个选项，因为选项的内容文中有所提及，有一定的迷惑性；第三种情况是这两个圆相交，有大部分内容重叠，考生往往会选择这种选项，较之前者，这种情况的迷惑性更大，也是最危险的干扰项；但只有符合第四种情况，即两个圆完全重合内容完全相符的选项才是答案。因此在检查时，考生要做的就是把所选的选项与文章中相应的内容做比较，看其是否能与原文重叠。
1. 怎样想——把握命题思维与解题思路命题思维指的是什么？简而言之，它指命题人利用了什么思维范式或套路来考核知识点。通过对考点的研究，我们归纳出如下的命题考核点：(1)凡是词汇上、结构上的难点必考；(2)语句文字上极易疏漏的定语、状语、省略句隐蔽点、误区必考；(3)细节繁多，出现多个例子极易引起的混淆点必考；(4)可能造成理解困难的词组、习惯用法、长难句必考。（5）中心思想是必考的，这意味着，考生必须吃透所考文章的内容。（6）题目（或称题干）中要问绕弯子的词语，它们要用与考点相关的同义语来提问，很少或者决不直接使用文章中的原句原话。对此，我们在下文不妨举例说明一下解题思路。（1）语言难点要考核。
【解题思路】在考研的阅读理解试题中，凡是难点一定会考。正确处理语言点的最好办法是利用上下文的意思，仔细体会语言点的意思。如：
☆ Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labor, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
★ By the first sentence of the text the author means that［A］ he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising.［B］ everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming.［C］ advertising costs money like everything else.［D］ it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising.解析：这个问题的答案是［D］．it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising(花在广告上的钱是值得的)。这可以从后面的话看出来：to assist a rapid distribution of goods，to establish a firm home market, to provide for export at competitive prices，to raise standards of living，to ensure an increased need for labor，therefore an effective way to fight unemployment，to lower the costs of many services：newspaper costs，the price of your television license...等等都说明花在广告上的钱是值得的。为什么考官要出这道题呢?问题恐怕是如何理解as well as的意思。此处的as well as不是大家熟悉的习语as well as (也、还、而且)，如：He grows flowers as well as vegetables．(他种花也种蔬菜)，而是比较短语as well as (和……一样好)，如：The boy works as well as his father．(这个男孩工作得像他父亲一样好)。这正是学生容易疏忽的，所以也是难的语言点，往往要考，值得注意。而其他答案都不合适，如：［A］．he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising (他相当熟悉广告的费用)；［B］．everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming (谁都很清楚广告是很花钱的)；［C］ advertising costs money like everything else (广告像其他东西一样是花钱的)。这些都与原文的意思不符，都是错的。（2）考细节信息。
【解题思路】细节题是常考的内容，这在文章里往往表现为，或者是一些具体特点、具体事实，或者是有关某一个问题、某一段落的具体信息内容的理解。比如：
☆ That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail; but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hotspot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.
★ That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that［A］ the two continents are still moving in opposite directions.［B］ they have been found to share certain geological features.［C］ the African plate has been stable for 30 million years.［D］ over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe.解析：这个问题的答案是［B］．they have been found to share certain geological features．(人们发现这些板块有共同的地理特征)。这个意思与原文的“The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined．”(那些可以构成相称整体的海岸线和那些似乎将海洋扩展开的地理特征都证明这两个大陆曾经是一个整块)的意思相符。这里考官用have been found to share...代替原文的were once joined来发问。其他答案是错的，但考官在答案［A］中用...are still moving：在答案［B］中用...30 million years；在答案［D］中用over 100 hotspots are scattered all around the globe等都是在文章中提到的，然而它们与该考题所问的是否曾经连在一起的问题是无关的东西，目的是干扰考生做题。考生在做题时保持冷静是重要的。（3）考有引申义的话。
【解题思路】考引申义的目的是看学生是否透彻地理解了原文，所以学生在看文章时一定要体会原意思，来回答问题。请阅读下列段落，并回答问题，领会和把握这一类命题思路。☆ There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently, I heard a wellknown television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course , advertising seeks to persuade.
★ The author deems that the wellknown TV personality is［A］ very precise in passing his judgement on advertising.［B］ interested in nothing but the buyers attention.［C］ correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information.［D］ obviously partial in his views on advertising.解析：本题的答案是［D］．obviously partial in his views on advertising。(就他的观点来看那个人物显然是片面的、不正确的)。作者的这种态度在第一句里就表达得很明白：“There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on。”他的用词是“I feel I ought to touch on”。这就是说他有话不能不说(心中很不赞成)。他对那个人的批评的评价是“was drawing excessively fine distinctions(简直是，吹毛求疵)”。最后他正面明确地表明了不同意见：Of course advertising seeks to persuade...(当然，广告就是说服……)这样，那个名人在他眼里就是片面的了。其他的答案都没有这种意思。应当提及的是，在做这种有关作者态度的题时要注意，考官列出来的答案往往都是态度，所以一般采取“排除法”，找一个最合理的答案。（4）考文字上不易联系、极易疏漏、极易忽略的东西。
【解题思路】这是考生常常上当的地方；在考试中，学生既要读得快，又要细心，还要注意记忆要点词句。请阅读下列段落，并找出答案：☆ At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the lce Age and, until recent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain. Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps. Man has explored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area.Antarctic differs fundamentally from the arctic regions. The arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by the land masses of Europe, Asia, and North America.
★ At the time this article was written, our knowledge of Antarctic was［A］ very limited.［B］ vast.［C］ fairly rich.［D］ non-existent.解析：这一题的答案是［A］ very limited。你是否这么认为?答案的根据是a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and，until recent times，unknown to man．(一个巨大的大陆依然处于冰河时代，至今不为人知)，以及Man has explored，on foot，less than one percent of its area.(人类徒步探测的区域不到1％)这个问题的难点在于，看完了字面意思之后，一时很难与our knowledge of Antarctic联系起来。相反，在着急的情况下，很容易瞎猜，甚至会认为既然有了探测，知识就应当多了，或相当多了。然而，仔细由读文章就会发现单凭1％的面积，就说明了解甚少。而选项［B］vast是巨大的意思；［C］fairly rich是“相当丰富的”意思，都与unknown to man 1％的意思相反。所以只有［A］是正确的。命题人就是这样考察考生的英语知识是不是真有水平。☆ There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language—all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their effort.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.
★ A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when［A］ he has given up his smoking habit.［B］ he has made great efforts in his work.［C］ he is keen on learning anything new.［D］ he has tried to determine where he is on his journey.解析：试想在这4个答案中哪一个答案是最不合理的?最和原文没有关系的?考试中，最难的地方是看了文字，往往停留在字面的意思上，不易和考官提的问题联系起来。一般讲，似乎答案［A］ (戒烟)与所提问题关系不大，因为原文没有谈戒烟的问题。然而如果我们仔细看原文中的...basic ways to see growth：one as a product，the other as a process（衡量一个人进步的基本方法有二，一是结果(产品)，二是过程。）并进一步解释所谓结果的意思为：an external result of product that can easily be identified and measured．(是一个看得见的外部的结果，或者说轻易地可以认定和计量的产品)。又举例解释说：The worker who gets a promotion，the student whose grades improve，the foreigner who learns a new language(一得到提升的工作人员，提高了学习成绩的学生，学会一门新的外语的外国人等等)。这些都是产品。所以答案恰恰就是 A．he has given up his smoking habit(他戒掉了吸烟的习惯)，因为戒烟，便是一种can easily be identified and measured的成果，是一种external result.
◆ 我们这里得到的启示是： 读文章必须从字面意思深入到字面背后的意思，而这种语言能力只能来自于广泛阅读及大量阅读之后所获得的熟练程度。单凭单词+语法是不能达到这种水平的。临考前做做题是必要的，但那只能做到熟悉考题，却很难从本质上将英语提高到这种水平。命题人用在其他答案中的干扰词efforts，learn，determine都是文章中提到的重要词汇，相对来说，gave up smoking是文章中根本没有提到的，这就造成答题上的困难。有人在没有看懂文章时，很可能猜那些文中提到过的东西。如果这样做就上当受骗了，这也正是考生要注意的。（5）考核不常见的词或短语。
【解题思路】 判断词义是我们在本书中花大量篇幅研究的项目，也是必考的项目。我们的目的不只是为了应付“词义的考试”，更多的是为了让学生看懂试卷里的文章以应付整个英语考试。方法也还是看上下文进行判断。请阅读以下大纲样题，找出括号中词的答案。☆... It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994, the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year.（This is no flash in the pan；）over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America?
★ The sentence “This is no flash in the pan” means that［A］ the low inflation rate will last for some time.［B］ the inflation rate will soon rise.［C］ the inflation rate will disappear quickly.［D］ there is no inflation at present. 解析：我们看This is no flash in the pan 的上文: It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August,...In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year．(这也比大多数预言者们的估计低。估计美国的通货膨胀率在1995年是3．5％，实际上，8月份降到2．6％。英国和日本的膨胀率比去年年底估计的低了0．5％)。从这一段的意思看，经济学家的估计总是高于实际。所以作者接着将这一现象描写为“This is no flash in the pail”(字面意思是：这不是炒锅里的一阵火［昙花一现］)，这当然是归纳总结上文的意思，而这句话的下文又解释说：“over the past couple of years，inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America．”（在美国和英国的过去两年中，膨胀率一直低于估计。） 这足以说明“这不是炒锅里的一阵火”的含义是“不是昙花一现现象”。这样分析之后，答案就是［A］ the low inflation rate will last for some time(低膨胀率将持续一段时间)。这里值得一提的是选项［C］ the inflation rate will disappear quickly．可能是考官有意设置的干扰题。因为flash是短暂的现象，所以可能误认the inflation rate will disappear quickly (膨胀率会很快消失) 是答案。
☆ The American economic system is organized around a basically privateenterprise, marketoriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and （the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, ）that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
★In this passage “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means［A］ Americans are never satisfied with their incomes.［B］ Americans tend to overstate their incomes.［C］ Americans want to have their incomes increased.［D］ Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes.解析：这一段的意思是商人与消费者如何决定市场价格与利润的问题。在这种背景下，商人谈 to maximize profits自然是“努力、拼命赚钱”。而消费者谈to maximize their incomes，决不会是“拼命增加收入”，因为在市场上没有人给消费者增加收入。理解topdown，则是要增加收入，只能是消费者自己，那就是“少花钱多办事了”。所以答案是［D］Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes (美国人想增加他们收入的含金量)。如果学生脱离开上下文，有人很可能选［C］，更糟的是选［A］。
1． 基本功——要熟知题目选项设计的四种模式在判断选项是否能重叠原文时，考生常常也会感到迷惑，无法判断选项是否与原文内容完全重叠，这是因为命题专家在设计考题时会使用一些语言来迷惑考生，从而测试考生的英语水平和阅读能力。一般说来，事实上命题专家最常用的有四种方式：“语言简化”、“反话正说”、“正话反说”和“考点词替换”。我们下面分别给予说明和解释：（1）“语言简化”是命题人使用语言时所必须遵守的总则，在设置选项时，四个选项的长度及句法不应有太大差异，而选项所使用的语言难度必须低于文章本身的难度。这一点对考生大有帮助，因为考生可以利用选项来理解文章。这一原则几乎在所有的阅读试题中都有所体现。这里的例句省略。(2)“正话反说”是第三种常用的命题方式，指文中用肯定方式表述，而选项用否定方式表述，两者意义相吻合。”这一命题方式在近年的试卷中也可找到例证。如2003—57；2000—52，99，68，70等。比如1999年第68题:★ The author asserts that scientists ［A］ shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought.［B］ shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things.［C］ should write more concise reports for technical journals.［D］ should be confident about their research findings.［正确答案］ ［B］ “作者认为科学家不应忽略对不可预见的事物进行观察。”［考点出处］ How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying 10 predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things ,you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.“不可预见性是研究本质的一部分，如果没有不可预见的事物就没有研究可言，科学家们在为专业杂志写那些干巴巴的报告时趋向于忘记这一点，但历史上到处都是这种例子”。原文采用肯定的表达方式，说科学家常常忽略那些不可预见的东西，上文中提到不可预见性是研究本质的一部分，很自然就可以推出结论：科学家应重视不可预见的东西。比如1999年第70题：
★ The author implies that the results of scientific research［A］ may not be as profitable as they are expected.［B］ can be measured in dollars and cents.［C］ rely on conformity to a standard pattern.［D］ are mostly underestimated by management.［正确答案］［A］“作者以为科学研究的成果可能不会像他们预计的那样有利可图”。［考点出处］ What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd bails” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”“如果实验能像种子杂志上发表的论文所显示的那样定会按计划设定并完成，那么管理者期望研究产生出能以美元和美分衡量的结果就是很符合逻辑的了”。原文中的“If”一词表明作者陈述的只是个假设，这一假设可能不会实现，因此原文是在暗示科学研究的结果并不像所预见的那样有效益，而选项A所表达的意思正好与之吻合。比如2000年52题：
★ The loss of U. s. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American［A］ TV industry had withdrawn to it’s domestic market.［B］ semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.［C］ machinetool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions.［D］ auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.［正确答案］［D］ “80年代美国失去在全球经济的主导地位由美国的汽车工业失去部分国内市场这一事实体现出来的”。［考点出处］ By the mid1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987there was only one American television maker left, Zenith(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea ‘s LG Electronics in July. ) Foreignmade cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.“到80年代中期，而对其工业竞争力的日益衰退，美国人感到无计可施。一些大型的工业如电子消费品面对外国竞争已萎缩或消失。到1987年美国只剩下一个电视市场：现在一个都没有了，7月韩国的LG电子公司买下了Zenith，进口汽车和纺织品迅速占领了国内市场”。文章说进口汽车占领国内市场，反过来就是国产汽车工业失去了一部分国内市场，D选项与之内容一致。 (3)“反话正说”的命题方式是指选项用肯定的方式来表述文中用否定方式所表述的内容，仅在2000年的考研试卷中，就有4道题目采用了这种命题方式。2004年的45，48;2003年的51;2002年的48、49等也都是典型的例子。比如2002年49题：
★ Besides reducing human labor, robots can also［A］ make a few decisions for themselves.［B］ deal with some errors with human intervention.［C］ improve factory environments.［D］ cultivate human creativity.［正确答案］ ［B］“除了减少人类劳动，机器人还能在人的干预下处理一些差错。”［考点出处］But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decision for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge．“但是，如果机器人想要进一步实现劳动节省，它们就得减少人的监控，并且至少能自己做出一些决定；虽然我们知道如何告诉机器人去处理一个具体错误，但我们还不能给机器人以足够的‘常识’，使其与这个不断变化的世界进行可靠的相互影响。”比如2000年54题：
★ The author seems to believe the revival of the U. S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the［A］ turning of the business cycle.［B］ restructuring of industry.［C］ improved business management.［D］ success in education.［正确答案］［A］“作者似乎认为90年代美国经济的复兴可以归功于经济周期的转机”。［考点出处］ Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle．“几乎没有哪个美国人将这一增长只看作是美元贬值或经济周期的转机等明显的原因造成的”。文章字面意思是否定的，作者的言下之意是这一增长就是由经济周期的转机等原因造成的，命题者以此作为考点，设计了一个肯定的选项，如果考生无法掌握这一命题方式，就容易掉入陷阱。比如2000年57题：
★ The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because［A］ life has been improved by technological advance.［B］ the number of female babies has been declining.［C］ our species has reached the highest stage of evolution.［D］ the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing.［正确答案］［A］“作者认为我们的身体停止了进化是因为我们的生活已经被技术进步改进”［考点出处］But in the past 100,000 years even the past 100 years our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not．We did not evolve，because machines and society did it for us．“但是在过去的十万年间——即使是在过去的一百年间——我们的生活改变了，但我们的身体没有改变，我们没有进化，是因为机器和社会在替我们进化”。比如2000年65题：
★ Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］ Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］ Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］ More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］ Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.［正确答案］ ［C］［考点出处］ While often praised by foreigner for its emphasis on the basics Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and selfexpression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”此题问的是作者的观点，［A］项讲日本教育受赞扬的是它可以帮助年轻人在社会上往上爬，与文中内容不符，文中是说日本教育因其对基础的重视而受到表扬，而［B］选项中的“as well as creativity”与文中所说的“over creativity...”不符，也不能选。［D］项的逻辑恰好与原文相反，作者在评论日本教育时批评其“完全忽略了考试成绩中无法表现的个性、能力、勇气和人性”。作者用否定的方式表达出自己的意见，那么［C］选项所说的应“更多地强调培养创造性”，恰好与原文匹配，故为答案。比如2000年70题：
★ From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained［A］ secretly and vigorously.［B］ openly and enthusiastically.［C］ easily and momentarily.［D］ verbally and spiritually.［正确答案］［B］ 从最后一段可得出结论：“野心应当保持公开的、积极的状况”。［考点出处］The attacks on ambition are many and come from various unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive, angles; its public defenders are few probably lower than it has ever been in the United Consequences follow from this ,of course, some of which are that ambition is driven under ground, or made sly. Such, then ,is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters,and in the middle,as usual,the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.“这并不意味着野心已经不存在了，或人们感觉不到它的涌动和促动了，只是因为人们不再公开赞美它了，它因此也就得不到公开的表述了。”支持公开承认做人要有雄心壮志，因为在上文中作者已经指出，野心应当“作为一种促进因素，作为一种应该受到称赞，应该铭记在年轻人心中的品质”，正是由于野心不再公开受到尊敬和赞美，也就越来越不能得到公开的承认，而［B］选项恰好，从肯定的角度表述了作者的态度，故为答案。（4）“考点词替换”是出现最频繁的命题方式，几乎每年都有一些用这种方式设置的题目。2004— 42，43，49，51，56；2003—48；2002—44，56；2001—54等。比如2004年第42题：
★ Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?［A］ Lack of counseling.［B］ Limited number of visits.［C］ Lower efficiency.［D］ Fewer successful matches.［正确答案］［A］ “缺少建议是求职代理人的不利条件。”［考点出处］ Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this.“no career counseling”替换成“lack of counseling”。比如2002年44题：
☆ If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently offthecuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark.
★ To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered［A］ in wellworded language.［B］ as awkwardly as possible.［C］ in exaggerated statements.［D］ as casually as possible.［正确答案］［D］ “要想达到预期的效果，应当以尽可能随意的表情讲幽默的故事。”［考点出处］ Include a few casual and apparently offthecuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner．这里“a relaxed and unforced”替换成“casually”。比如1999年55题：
★ We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business［A］ has been striving to expand its market.［B］ intended to follow a fanciful fashion.［C］ tried but in vain to control the market.［D］ has been booming for one year or so.［正确答案］ ［A］ “从文章开头我们得知网络经济正在力争扩展市场”。［考点出处］ In the first year or so of Web business，most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market，“在网络经济的头一年左右，大多数的行动与致力于开发买方市场有关；”strive替换原文中的efforts，expand替换原文中的tap。“关键词替换”这一方式不仅用于设置选项，还可以用于设置题干。比如2000年61题：
★ Futurists claim that we must ［A］ increase the production of literature.［B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress.［C］ develop new modes of expression.［D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs.［正确答案］［C］ “未来派诗人声称我们必须发展新的表达方式”。［考点出处］ This speeding up of life，says the Futurist，receives a new form of expression．题干中的 claim替换原文中的say，而选项中的mode则替换原文中的form。☆ 特别提示 ☆命题专家常常采用“语言简化”、 “正话反说”、“反话正说”、“考点词替换”这四种模式设置考题，已经形成了一定的规律性。所以，一方面它们对考生阅读理解有很大的干扰，另一方面它们又可以成为解题的利剑，为我所用。若考生了解和领悟了这些命题范式，如虎添翼，定会打破阅读理解的禁区。我们建议这一章节至少要精读几遍，才能心领神会要点内容，进而轻车熟路地在自己的阅读理解中上手这些策略和技巧。
