Unit 1 阅读应试策略
细节题与归纳题的正确辨别直接影响答题得分。细节题一般分为两大类：（a）单考点（在一个段落后）：（b）多考点（散见在不同的自然段落中）。归纳题是考区题，指的是多个句子或者几个自然段都与答案有关联。核心课文(1)［语篇主题模式：概念阐述，标新立异］说明长难句难度长度主题内容3个★★☆455词网络文化This is a particular moment in the history of digital networks, one when powerful corporate actors and highperformance networks are strengthening the role of private electronic space and altering the structure of public electronic space: Electronic space has emerged not simply as a means for communicating, but as a major new theatre for capital accumulation and the operations of global actors.Our thinking about electronic space and network power, however, has been shaped by the properties of the Internet. The Internet is a space of distributed power that limits the possibilities of authoritarian and monopoly control. It is by now wellknown that the particular features of the Internet are in part a function of the early computer hacker culture which designed software that strengthened the original design of the Nets openness and decentralization and which sought to make it universally available at no cost. But it is becoming evident since the mid-1990s that it is also a space for contestation and segmentation. Now that business has discovered the Net, we are seeing attempts to commercialize it through the development of software that can capitalize on the Nets features and through the extension of copyrights, in other words, the opposite of the early hacker culture.Further, it has become important to distinguish the Internet, or public space, and private electronic space. When it comes to the broader subject of network power, most computer networks are private. It might be worth repeating that even if we just consider Internet Protocol compatible networks and we take the figures for the period preceding the explosion of business interest in the Net, also then most networks were private: just counting networks as opposed to traffic volume, in 1994 there were about 40,000 IPcompatible networks, but the Internet itself accounted for about 12,000 of these. Since then both figures have jumped enormously. The main point here is! That a lot of network power may not necessarily have the attributes of the Internet. Indeed, much of this is concentrated power and reproduces hierarchy rather than distributed power. The financial markets, operating largely through private electronic networks, are a good instance of an alternative form of electronic network power. The three properties of electronic networks speed, simultaneity and interconnectivity have produced strikingly different outcomes in this case from those of the Internet.In this regard, it seems to me that we need to re-theorize electronic space and uncouple it analytically from an exclusive focus on the properties of the Net which have so sharply shaped our understanding. For me, a political economist interested in space and power, this task is located at the intersection of a number of discourses and assumptions and at the intersection of the digital and the non-digital.
1. The direct result from electronic space is
［A］ the development in the Internet.
［B］ the growth of communication and corporate activities.
［C］ the expansion of capitals invested by global actors.
［D］ the possibilities of authoritarian and monopoly control.
2. The writer writes of software and copyrights to demonstrate
［A］ the elimination of hacker culture.
［B］ the mid-1990s change of electronic space.
［C］ the discovery of the global Net.
［D］ the commercialization of networks.
3. In Paragraph 3 the case of network power is mentioned to justify
［A］ the explosion of business interest.
［B］ IPcompatible Net control.
［C］ the public ownership of the Net.
［D］ the policy of private management.
4. From the last sentence of Paragraph 3 we can infer that electronic networks
［A］ may be more competitive than Internet.
［B］ are more attributive to Internet.
［C］ serve as the hierarchy system.
［D］ may be a good example of financial markets.
5. In the author’s eyes, what may chiefly be responsible for his review to electronic space?
［A］ The task is at stake.
［B］ The issue is at its worst.
［C］ New concepts emerged.
［D］ We are at the intersection.
大纲难词与超纲词汇
strengthenv.使……更强；加强
distribute v．分发，分配
commercialize v．通过……赚钱；使商业化
hacker n．黑客
distinguish v．区别；辨别；出名
simultaneity n.同时性
interconnectivity n．互联性
assumption n．假定；假设；设想
be shaped by 依靠……；由……决定
be wellknown 众所周知
at no cost 不花任何成本
in other words 换句话说；换言之
opposed to与……对照；与……对比
rather than 与其；不愿；不要；不是
focus on集中于……；使……集中于
全文精译
这是数字网络历史中十分特殊的时刻：实力雄厚的商务参与者和高性能的网络正在强化私人电子空间的作用，改变公共电子空间的结构。电子空间的出现，并不仅是作为通讯的一种手段，而是作为资本积累和全球商家运作的一个新兴的大剧场。然而，我们关于电子空间和网络能的认识是靠因特网的性能形成的。因特网是分布能量的空间，限制了独裁和垄断控制的各种可能性。迄今业已众所周知，因特网的独到特点部分是由早期电脑黑客文化形成的。电脑黑客文化设计出软件，使其强化了网络开放和分离的独创设计；它还设法使软件在不花任何成本的情况下广泛地使用。但是自上世纪九十年代中期以来，因特网显而易见也成为竞争和分隔的空间。既然商业活动已发现了网络，我们目前发现有人试图通过开发可利用网络特性的软件来使网络商业化，也通过扩大版权(换言之，与早期的黑客文化截然相反)来使网络商业化。再者，将因特网或公共空间与私人电子空间区别开来是非常重要的。一谈到网络能这一颇为广泛的话题，大多数的电脑网络应算是私人的。也许值得重申的是，即使我们只是考虑与因特网协议兼容的网络，并且记录的数字是商业对网络兴趣高涨之前的那一时期的，大多数网络也还是私人的。计算网络恰好与计算交通流量相反，1994年大约有40，000个与因特网协议兼容的网络，但因特网本身就占去了近12，000个。自那时起，两类数字都大幅度增长。这里的要点是，许多网络能也许不必具有因特网的属性。实际上，许多网络是集中的能量，再生层级能量而不是分布能量。主要通过私人电子网络运作起来的金融市场，就是电子网络能可选择形式的一个范例。在此情形下，电子网络的三个属性(速度、同时性以及互联性)已经产生了与因特网截然不同的结果。在这一方面，对我来说，似乎我们需要在理论上重新解释电子空间，并在分析中将其与只关注构成我们理解的网络属性区分开来。作为一个对空间和能量感兴趣的政治经济学家，我以为这一任务处在许多论述和设想的十字路口上，处在数字和非数字的十字路口上。
答案详解
1．［正确答案］［B］the growth of communication and corporate activities
［测试能力］考查进行有关判断、推理的能力。
［考点出处］文章第一段中指出电子空间的出现不仅是作为一种通讯手段，同时也是资本积累和全球商家运作的一个舞台。所以［B］“通讯和商业活动的增长”是正确答案。
2．［正确答案］［D］the commercialization of networks
［测试能力］考查理解文中的具体信息的能力。
［考点出处］文章第二段中提到发展软件和版权是为了从网络中获利，使之商业化。故应选［D］。
3．［正确答案］［D］the policy of private management
［测试能力］考查有关的推理及引申能力。
［考点出处］作者在第三段中指出大多数电脑网络是私人的，因此许多网络不具有因特网的特性。作者在此是要表明私人管理政策的合理性。应选［D］。
4．［正确答案］［A］may be more competitive than Internet
［测试能力］考查进行判断、推理的能力。
［考点出处］在本段中作者指出许多电子网络是集中能量，再生等级，而不是像因特网那样开放，分布能量，其结果是它们更具竞争的优势。
5．［正确答案］［A］The task is at stake．
［测试能力］考查理解文章主旨要义的能力。
［考点出处］作者在文章中提到区分因特网和私人电子空间是很重要的，所以需要对电子空间在理论上进行重新审视，这是非常关键的。因此［A］为正确答案。
核心课文（2）［信息结构模式：总论——分论——分论］说明长难句难度长度主题内容4个★★☆422词商务专题The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: Wont the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anticompetitive force?Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20 % of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25 % and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fastgrowing segment of production in economics that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that most important forces behind the massive M & A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to customers. As productivity grows, the worlds wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U. S. when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as World Com, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan—but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?
1. What is the typical trend of business today?
［A］ To take in more foreign funds.
［B］ To invest more abroad.
［C］ To combine and become bigger.
［D］ To trade with more countries.
2. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind the M & A wave is
［A］ the greater customers demands.
［B］ a surplus supply for the market.
［C］ a growing productivity.
［D］ the increase of the worlds wealth.
3. From Paragraph 4 we can infer that
［A］ the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers.
［B］ World Com serves as a good example of both benefits and costs.
［C］ the costs of the globalization process are enormous.
［D］ the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition.
4. Toward the new business wave, the writers attitude can be said to be
［A］ optimistic.［B］ objective.
［C］ pessimistic. ［D］ biased.
5. What is the passage mainly about?
［A］ Demonstrating that mergers and acquisitions help raise productivity.
［B］ Exploring the deep causes that resulted in the recent wave of mergers and acquisitions.
［C］ Praising the benefits that were brought about by the recent wave of mergers and acquisitions.
［D］ Analyzing the benefits of the recent wave of mergers and acquisitions and expressing the authors concern about its potential consequences.
大纲难词与超纲词汇
hyperactivea．活跃的；反常的
emerge v．出来；现出；露出
unsurpassed a．无法超越
anti-competitive ad．反竞争的
affiliate v．使……隶属于较大组织
segment n．弦；分出的或标出的一部分
underlie v．位于或存在于……之
detrimental a．有害的；不利的
infringement n．违反；触犯；侵害
optimistic a.乐观的；有信心的
pessimistic a．悲观的；悲观主义的
bias v．对某人有偏见、成见；影响
turn into 演变；成为
there’s no question 毫无疑问
less than 较少；更少；少
for instance 例如；比如
such as 像；诸如；例如
on the contrary 与此相反；正相反
全文精译
世界正在经历前所未有的最大的合并和购买浪潮，它从极度活跃的美国横扫到了欧洲和新近崭露头角的具有非比寻常能力的国家。这些国家的许多人都在目睹这种变化，并为此担忧：这种商业购并浪潮是否会演变成为一种难以控制的反竞争力量?毫无疑问，这样会使大企业变得更大更强。跨国公司在1982年占全世界贸易额的20％弱，而今天，这一数字达到25％，而且还在快速增长。国际子公司在世界经济中形成了开放、欢迎外国投资的生产快速增长的环节。例如，阿根廷在20世纪90年代早期实行改革之后，跨国公司在200家最大企业生产中的比重从43％增加到了70％。这种现象业已引起人们对于较小的供销公司、国内企业的作用以及对于世界经济的最终稳定性的严重关注。我相信，隐藏于大规模的合并和购买浪潮之后的最重要的力量，是与形成全球化过程的推动力相同的：不断降低的交通和通讯价格、不断减少的贸易和投资壁垒以及市场的增大，都需要进行能够满足顾客要求的、扩大的合作。对于顾客来说，这一切都是有利而无一弊的。随着生产效率的提高，世界的财富量也会随之增加。目前所进行的购并浪潮所带来的好处或代价的事例仍然不多，然而，很难想像，今天一些原油公司的合并会如同将近一个世纪以前标准石油托拉斯解散之时美国人所害怕的那样，再度对竞争造成威胁。电信公司的合并，例如世通的合并，似乎并没有给消费者带来价格的提升或技术进步速度的变慢；相反，通讯价格快速降低。在轿车领域，兼并也在增加，人们目睹了戴·姆勒和克莱斯勒、雷诺和尼桑的合并——但是并没有迹象显示，消费者受到伤害。然而，事实是兼并运动必须受到关注。数周前，艾伦·格林斯潘对于银行界的超级合并提出了警告。当孤注一掷的贷方和大型银行的合并即将成为事实时，谁将去监督、调节和运作这一切?当一个国家在加强了对于违反公平竞争原则的处罚过于严厉之时，跨国公司是否会将其生产由一地转移到他处?一个国家能否像美国处理微软案件那样对于一件涉及许多其他国家的问题起到“保护竞争”的作用?
答案详解
1．［正确答案］［C］ To combine and become bigger
［测试能力］考查理解文中的具体信息的技能。
［考点出处］文章第一句话表明世界正经历着有史以来最大的并购潮。
2．［正确答案］［A］ the greater customers demands
［测试能力］考查理解文中的具体信息的能力。
［考点出处］在文章第三段中作者指出并购潮的很重要的一个原因在于市场越来越大，顾客的需求也越来越大，所以需要更大的公司来应对这种情况，所以［A］为正确答案。
3．［正确答案］［D］ the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition
［测试能力］考查进行推理的能力。
［考点出处］本段开头提到现在人们不必担心石油公司合并会对企业间的竞争带来威胁，就像一百多年前美国出于这种恐惧而分拆了Standard Oil，由此判断［D］是正确答案。
4．［正确答案］［D］ biased
［测试能力］考查理解作者态度的能力。
［考点出处］在文章中作者并不是完全置身事外进行完全客观的描述，他对合并风潮持赞同态度，但在最后一段也提出了一定的保留意见，所以［D］是最佳答案。
5．［正确答案］［B］ Exploring the deep causes that resulted in the recent wave of mergers and acquisitions．
［测试能力］考查理解文章主旨要义的能力。
［考点出处］作者在这篇文章中对并购潮进行了描述并且分析了其内在原因，他要说明合并潮并不会影响竞争，所以［B］为正确答案。
